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THE HUNGARIAN REVOLUTION. 



OUTLINES OF THE 



PROMINENT CIRCUMSTANCES 



ATTENDING THE 



HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM 



TOGETHER WITH 



BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 



LEADING STATESMEN AND GENERALS WHO TOOK PART W IT. 



'J 
BY JOHANN PRAGAY, 

COLONEL AND ADJUTANT-GENERAL IN THE HUNGARIAN ARMY 
UNDER KOSSUTH. 



NEW YORK: 
GEORGE P. PUTNAM, 155 BROADWAY. 

LONDON: 49 BOW-LANE, CHEAPSIDE. 
1850. 



Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1850, 

By GEORGE P. PUTNAM, 

In the District Court of the United States, for the Southern District 
of New York. 



STEREOTYPED BY 

BILIIN & BROS. 

10 N. WILLIAM-ST. 



F. C. GUTIERREZ, 
PRINTER, 

51 John-st. corner of Dutch. 

r 






PKEFACE, 



The lively sympathy which. American freemen 
have manifested in the affairs of my betrayed, but 
not conquered country, as well as the circumstances 
that most of our statesmen generally are unknown 
or misapprehended abroad, has induced me, in an- 
ticipation of a more complete work, to publish this 
brief sketch of the prominent events of the Hunga- 
rian movements ; together with biographical notices, 
which are as accurate as possible. My official station 
in the Ministry of War under the administration of 
Kossuth, and of Adjutant-General in the army, to- 
gether with my active participation in all the impor- 
tant battles, enable me to give a faithful and reliable 
view of the whole course of the revolution. 



4 PREFACE. 

In presenting the narrative to the noble-hearted 
citizens of the United States, I would again express 
my unbounded gratitude for the generous sympathy 
and hospitality which have been so promptly ex- 
tended by them to my countrymen and myself. 

J. P. 



CONTENTS, 



I. 

PAGE 

Origin and Commencement of the War 9 

Gorgey's Promotion 20 

Further Operations of this Army 21 

The Winter Campaign of 1849 on the Upper Theiss 24 

n. 

Victorious Advances of the Hungarian Army in March and April, 

1849 SI 

in. 

Relief of Comorn 63 

IV. 

The Bombardment of Pesth and Storming of Ofen 58 

Operations in the Neighborhood of Comorn in the months of June 

and July, 1849 62 

1# 



O CONTENTS. 

V. 

PAGE 

The Numbers and Situations of the Armies at the time of the 
Austro-Russian Invasion, after the Departure of Gorgey 
from Comorn , *74 

Some Account of the Closing Operations of the Hungarian Ar- 
mies, and of the respective Dissolution of each in the order 
in which it took place 76 

The Hungarian Army of the South under Vetter ib. 

The Army in Transylvania under Bern 19 

VI. 

The Hungarian Main Army under Dembinsky 83 

VII. 

The Army of Gorgey, and the Corps d'Armee of Stein, Count 

Vecsey, and Kazinczy 89 

VIE. 

Comorn after the Departure of the Main Army under Gorgey . . 109 
Capitulation of Comorn 125 

IX. 

Biographical Sketches of the most prominent Statesmen and 

Generals 140 

Louis Kossuth, Governor of Hungary ib. 

Count Louis Batthyany 145 

Bartholomew Szemere 148 

Ladislaus Csanyi 150 

Baron Ladislaus Perenyi 153 



CONTENTS. 7 

PAGE 

Arthur Gbrgey 154 

George Klapka 161 

Maurice Perczel 164 

John Damjanics 165 

Louis Aulich 167 

Joseph Bern 168 

General Henry Dembinsky 171 



THE 



HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 



ORIGIN AND COMMENCEMENT OP THE WAR. 

The Camarilla,* at whose head stood the notorious Arch- 
duchess Sophia, mother of the present (glorious) Emperor 
who reigns under her guidance, perceived at an early 
date that the Hungarians would not long rest content 
with the new order of things established in March, 1848. 
Besides that they had been constantly cheated by Austria 
for more than two hundred years, they were urged by 
their love of freedom and by the sentiment which they 
had as it were drawn in with their mother's milk, that 
what was really great and good could flourish only under 
a popular form of government, to continued progress, and 
finally to complete independence. The Camarilla accord- 
ingly made extraordinary efforts in order, with a favorable 

* See note A, 



10 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

opportunity, not only to force back to its former position 
I a nation that had often been the mainstay of the empire 
and the salvation of its accursed dynasty, but also to 
weaken it by divisions, and so incorporate it with great 
and powerful Austria that the light of liberty might not 
go forth from its borders into all Europe. 

The fittest means to this end seemed to be to stir up 
the various national races against Hungary, on the pre- 
tence that this mother country was aiming to destroy their 
nationality, and thus distract and weaken its dreaded forces, 
till the moment arrived when sufficient troops could be 
openly sent into the country to bring it under the Austrian 
yoke. 

The individuals to whom the leading parts in this in- 
fernal drama were allotted, were — 

First, — The Arch-duke Stephen, Palatine. This ungrate- 
ful son of Hungary, in whom the nation once placed great 
hopes, for love of whom millions had been lavished, was 
about to requite these hopes and this love by preparing a 
second St. Bartholomew. 

Second, — The renowned master of flank-movements, Jo- 
seph, Baron Jellachich, Ban of Croatia, the worn-out, cast- 
off love of the Arch-duchess Sophia. 



ORIGIN AND COMMENCEMENT OF THE WAR. 11 

Third, — Rajacsics, Metropolitan of Carlowitz, octogena- 
rian servant of darkness. 

Added to these prominent characters as supporters, were 
some understrappers, villains minorum gentium, — Urban, 
Hurban, Jank, Stratimirovics, Salm, Rott, Count Moritz 
Palffy, etc. 

First on the scene appeared Rajacsics. By a perverted 
use of his gifts of persuasion, this unworthy prelate was 
able to rouse his fanatical religious brethren so speedily 
against Hungary, that symptoms of the greatest excite- 
ment were developed among them as early as April. The 
insurrection broke out in July, and was conducted with a 
hate, bitterness, and cruelty such as rarely have disgraced 
barbarians. The misguided people attacked and burned 
German and Hungarian villages, murdering the inhabi- 
tants without distinction, from the child at the breast to 
the white-haired man of ninety. They bored out the eyes 
of men, cut off their flesh in strips, roasted them alive on 
spits, buried them up to their necks and so left them to 
be eaten by crows and swine. Still more horrible, cry- 
ing yet louder for Heaven's vengeance, — they ripped open 
women big with child, and trampled the fruit of the womb 
before the eyes of the dying mother. I affirm on my con- 



12 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

science, and without exaggeration, that hundreds upon 
hundreds of examples in each kind of these barbarities 
occurred, and that all was the work of an unnatural 
woman and of a priest who weekly exhorted his hearers 
to love each other as brethren. This awful insurrection 
could not be entirely checked during the campaign ; for 
on the departure of our troops, it would break out with 
renewed fierceness. Important actions, in which the in- 
surgents were almost invariably defeated by our troops 
under Generals Meszaros, Vetter, Kiss, Damjanics, and 
Perczel, took place at Szoreg, Verbasz, Torokecse, Ernest- 
haza, Tomasovacz, Temerin, Perlasz, Foldvar, Kikinda, 
Turia, Tittel, and their famous intrenchments before St. 
Tomas. This latter place was taken by Perczel on the 1st 
of April, 1849, when six thousand Uaitzes lost their lives. 
In all these engagements, the insurgent ranks were partly 
filled with men from the military frontiers, and by Servian 
robbers, who were hired at a florin per day by Count 
Mayerhoffer, a base tool of the Camarilla, and the Aus- 
trian consul in Servia. The rising in the north under 
Hurban and that contemptible Hungarian magnate, Count 
Moritz Palfiy, did not turn out so well for the Camarilla. 
The Sclaves, naturally gifted with more common sense 



ORIGIN AND COMMENCEMENT OF THE WAR. 13 

than the Raitzes, soon recognised the voices of their de- 
ceivers, and cast them off. Unhappily, such was not the 
case with the Wallachians of Transylvania. These wretch- 
ed beings, urged on hy their countrymen, Jank and Urban, 
and by the Saxon Salm and Rott, too readily followed 
nearly the same course as the Raitzes ; but I will not seek 
to excuse the Szeklers, who retaliated in kind. This in- 
surrection, too, though often put down by Bern, lasted 
through the campaign. Its leader, Jank, as a reward for 
having maltreated, flayed, and murdered so many human 
beings, was decorated by the Czar of all the Russias with 
the ribbon of the second class of the order of St. Anne. 
The Saxons of Transylvania, the greatest enemies of Hun- 
gary and of liberty, did not personally take an active part 
in the disturbances, for they are a most cowardly, pitiful, 
little people ; but furnished abundant supplies of arms and 
money for all movements against us. 

The Camarilla now felt itself strong enough while re- 
bellion was raging in this wise in Hungary, and bade 
Ferdinand the Stupid to put forth the famous manifesto* 

* The reader is probably aware that by a proclamation ante- 
cedent to the one here referred to, Jellachich had been removed 



14 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

reinstating Jellachich in his former offices and dignities. 
The Ban of Croatia, who held in readiness a rabhle of 



from all his offices, and summoned to undergo an examination 
respecting his refractory conduct toward the Hungarian ministry. 
The Emperor of Austria composed his autographs and mani- 
festoes according to the state of his affairs in this or that quarter 
at the time of writing. He might, indeed, in this way break 
former oaths and faith, but he gave himself not the least uneasi- 
ness on that score. For instance, just at the period when Jella- 
chich was making his preparations in Croatia to act against Hun- 
gary, Italian affairs were in a very bad condition, and Vienna 
itself was becoming restless. The emperor dispatched General 
Hrabowsky with an autograph letter to the Ban to check his 
proceedings. Jellachich, who could not be previously advised 
from Vienna, was astonished, and showed General Hrabowsky 
nine autographs, in all of which he was encouraged to make 
these preparations. But what was most shameful of all, hard 
pressed in this conjuncture, he turned his forces against the 
Raitzes'whom he had himself encouraged to revolt, and in the 
first assault on St. Tomas caused nearly the total destruction of 
the brave regiment Alexander, that by its self-sacrifice at the 
battle of Wagram against the French saved almost the whole 
Austrian army. 



ORIGIN AND COMMENCEMENT OF THE WAR. 15 

fifty or sixty thousand men which he had assembled mostly 
by force, and was only waiting for this signal, now entered 
Hungary near Letenye and marched in two columns di- 
rectly upon Pesth, wasting and robbing as he went. The 
Hungarian troops were posted in the neighborhood of Stuh- 
lueissenburg under Arch-duke Stephen, who left them on 
the approach of the enemy, in accordance with the instruc- 
tions of the Camarilla, and never returned. After this 
treacherous withdrawal of the Arch-duke, the command of 
the Hungarians, who had retired to Pakozd, was under- 
taken by Gen. Moga, an Austrian Lieutenant Field-Mar- 
shal, who gave battle to Jellachich at that place on the 
29th of September, 1849. In this battle nearly all the 
inhabitants of Pesth took part. Jellachich was worsted, and 
the larger part of his cuirassiers driven into Lake Velencze. 
He then applied for an armistice of three days, which was 
granted by Moga the first night ; after its ratification he 
and his whole army decamped — and it may be with the 
knowledge of our commander.^ Although Jellachich' s 

* To give a pleasing instance of the noble Ban's way of 
thought, I will mention, that when honorable soldiers reproached 
him for this violation of the armistice, he replied : " I need keep 



16 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

retreat was known next morning, immediate pursuit was 
delayed, and so this army, which could have been so easily 
taken, was suffered to escape. The fault was probably 
intentional with our general, who is believed to have had 
a full understanding with the Camarilla at that time, 
although he was afterwards condemned to a five years' 
arrest in a fortress for participating in the Hungarian 
revolution. 

"When Jellachich had been gone eight days, it was 
finally planned — in agreement with the Hungarian diet, 
but always within constitutional limits — that the main 
army should follow him, but no further than to the Aus- 
trian boundary. Perczel, with a small body under him, 
was to attack the other Croatian army under Generals Rott 
and Philippovics, who were approaching from Fiinf kirchen, 
and in case of a victory to follow them up and take a 
position on the Croatian frontier so as to prevent any fur- 
ther invasion. Perczel fulfilled his orders more brilliantly 

no faith with rebels ; my chief object was to make this flank 
movement toward Vienna." Hence comes his surname of master 
of flank movements, which is applied to him even by Austrian 
officers. 



ORIGIN AND COMMENCEMENT OF THE WAR. 17 

than could be expected, with a force consisting of only three 
new battalions of Honveds and a few sections of national 
guards. He pressed the enemy, who had already advanced 
as far as Ozora, so closely, that on the 10th of October they 
yielded unconditionally, 9,000 strong, as prisoners of war. 
This able partisan then took his appointed station on the 
frontier. Besides the victories of Dombo and Letenye, he 
fought a brilliant battle at Friedau on the 25th of Novem- 
ber, 1848, where the Pesth volunteers won immortal glory, 
driving General Buric's force of 10,000 men, with a great 
loss in dead and prisoners, far into Styria. 

The main body, as was intimated above, marched to the 
Austrian boundary, and dispatched thence several couriers 
to the Austrian Diet which was then sitting at Vienna, 
desiring to be called by a resolve of the Diet to the aid of 
Vienna and the pursuit of Jellachich. But this Diet also 
wishing to confine itself within strictly legal limits, debated 
long on the proposition and decided nothing, and so the 
Hungarian army was obliged to remain on the frontier an 
idle spectator, and, at the distance of only twenty-eight 
miles, to see Windischgratz burn and cannonade the proud 
imperial city. 

At last, on the 28th of October, Kossuth himself joined 

2* 



18 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

the army. The twenty columns of fire that were seen that 
evening rising from Vienna seemed to call down from 
Heaven vengeance on the authors of all this ruin : they also 
proved the need of speedy aid, and Kossuth, without wait- 
ing for any thing further from the Diet, ordered the army 
to move toward the city — alas ! the watch- word of the day, 
" too late," was too applicable now. 

By means of railroads and steamboats, all the troops sta- 
tioned in Moravia, Styria, and Austria proper, had gathered 
about Vienna. The chief command was intrusted to Prince 
Windischgratz, an aristocrat who hates the people, who com- 
mences his classification of mankind with the species baron, 
and holds all of less rank as nothing but canaille. This 
army, which could have been so easily destroyed at the 
outset, was gradually increased, solely owing to the ob- 
stinacy of the Viennese Diet, to an enormous size. Its 
numbers on the 28th, including the forces of Jellachich 
and Auersberg, amounted to 85,000. The first success- 
ful attack upon Vienna was made this day. The two 
best defended suburbs, Landstrasse and Leopoldstadt, were 
taken, which may be said to have included the conquest 
of the rest, since they are all connected together, and 
preparations had been made only against attacks from 



ORIGIN AND COMMENCEMENT OF THE WAR. 19 

without. Bern, general of the Garde Mobile, was wound- 
ed at this time while defending a barricade in the- Jaeger 
Zeile, and not wishing to fall into the hands of the Aus- 
trians in the event of a surrender, which already he fore- 
saw must take place, he left the city in the disguise of a 
coachman. The troops who had been under him disband- 
ed at his departure, and consequently the column was not 
formed that was to be raised from the Garde Mobile, and 
to fall upon the rear of the imperialists from the city side, 
in case the Hungarians should make an attack. If, how- 
ever, Bern had not retired, there would still have been great 
difficulties in the way, for the suburbs taken by the enemy 
were on the same side of the city as that on which the 
Hungarians had intended to operate. 

On the 30th of October the Hungarians, 21,000 strong, 
came up with the imperialists, and in Kossuth's presence 
attacked them fiercely, drove them out of Fischamend 
and Albern, carried Mannsworth by storm, and pressed 
on towards Vienna, where thousands of their brethren 
panting for liberty awaited — half in hope, half in despair — 
their coming to rescue them from the hands of their de- 
stroyers. 



20 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 



GORGEY S PROMOTION. 

Our army was still led by Gen. Moga, who, after the 
storming of Mannsworth, whether from ignorance, care- 
lessness, or treachery, chose a route which, if followed, 
would have resulted in our capture or utter destruction. 
Gorgey, who was there with a small command, saw the 
error, and directed Kossuth's attention to it and its conse- 
quences. A short halt and a brief reconnoissance clearly 
showed the correctness of Gorgey 's opinion and the immi- 
nence of the danger. The main part of the army was 
between the Danube and the so-called Scwharzen-Lacken, 
a sluggish arm of that river as broad and deep as the Dan- 
ube itself. At the head of this body of water, a park of 
sixty guns stood ready to receive us, and ten regiments had 
already been sent out to gain our rear and inclose us in 
this defile. If Gorgey had not observed the blunder, to 
call it by no harsher name, we should in another hour 
have been inevitably lost; as it was, we were able to 
withdraw from the trap. Kossuth, by virtue of a full 
power given by the Diet for this expedition, proclaimed 
Major Gorgey on the spot commanding general of the 



gorgey's promotion. 21 

army he had saved. The escape from the defile was fol- 
lowed by a general retreat. It would have been hazard- 
ing too much to proceed against this enormous force, four 
times our own in number, and risk every thing on the first 
throw of the game, especially when, notwithstanding our 
near approach to the city, not the slightest demonstration 
was made from that quarter against the imperialists. 

The army reached the frontier unmolested, and then 
occupied the long line of posts from Odenburg to Holies, for 
it was generally supposed that the enemy would not com- 
mence further operations till the ensuing spring. 

FURTHER OPERATIONS OF THIS ARMY. 

JNo sooner, however, had Windischgratz sufficiently gra- 
tified himself with executions by the dozen, and guarded 
the bastions of Vienna with cannon, than he marched 
his disposable force, amounting to 72,000 men, upon Hun- 
gary. It was quite impossible to resist such a power in 
extended cantonments, and after several unimportant ac- 
tions, Gorgey ordered a general retreat to Raab in the 
middle of December. Here intrenehments were thrown 
up, on which the noblest ladies worked with their delicate 



22 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

hands. Thanks ! the warmest thanks be theirs — sent them 
from this distant land, now our home ! 

The early part of the winter of 1848-49 was very mild, 
and from this cause G-orgey hoped to he able to maintain 
his ground behind the three rivers and his strong intrench- 
ments, and check the further progress of the enemy. It 
was not so written in the book of fate. On the 20th 
of December the weather suddenly became intensely cold. 
By the 25th, the ice was so thick that a body of 
Austrians crossed the little Danube, and took a position 
with their artillery below Raab. This made G-orgey' s re- 
treat necessary, which he conducted very slowly, that he 
might form a junction with Perczel's army, that had been 
meanwhile ordered up from the frontier, before reaching 
Pesth, and give a decisive battle. In the course of his 
retreat he fought the glorious battle of Babolna, where he 
engaged with three times his own numbers. Perczel had 
an unfortunate encounter, at first with Ottinger's brigade, 
and then with the main body of the Austrians at Moor 
on the 28th of December. Owing to his extremely 
bad dispositions on this occasion, he lost nine cannon and 
about three thousand dead, wounded, and missing, and 
would perhaps have been totally defeated, if a division of 



OPERATIONS OF GORGEY's ARMY. 23 

Gorgey' s had not come to his succor just before the close of 
the engagement. 

All the evil consequences of this disastrous check are to 
be attributed solely to Perczel. He might have united with 
Gorgey much earlier, but placing an over-estimate upon his 
own merits after the defeat of Rott, he delayed as long as 
possible putting himself under the command of a younger 
general. The result was, that his best troops, the heroes of 
Friedau, were entirely dispersed, and the decisive battle 
rendered impossible. Nothing now remained for Gorgey 
but to receive the broken remnants of Perczel' s corps and 
slowly retire beyond the Danube. He crossed that stream 
at Pesth on the 5th of January, 1849, his rear-guard having 
fought with and again beaten the enemy's cavalry at Teth. 
Under the constant pursuit of the enemy, in the depth of 
winter, and through the most inhospitable districts of the 
country, Gorgey afterwards conducted that series of retreats 
to "Waitzen, Schemnicz, Neusohl, Leutshau, Eperges, and 
Kaschau, that made his name popular in Hungary, and in 
the course of which he gained decided advantages over his 
pursuers at Schemnicz, Iglo, and Braniczko. 



24 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 



THE WINTER CAMPAIGN OF 1849 ON THE UPPER 
THEISS. 

After the defeat of Perczel's army at Moor, the govern- 
ment had directed Gorgey not to expose Pesth to the rage 
of the enemy by giving battle before that city, but to retire 
beyond the Danube toward Waitzen. Partly for the sake of 
leading off the enemy from Debreczin, the new seat of gov- 
ernment, partly to give security to the mountain cities and 
the upper country, and, if possible, to destroy the army of 
Simonies, he was charged to move in that direction. 

The remnants of Perczel's army crossed the stream at 
Pesth on the 1st of January. Kossuth and the government 
left that city on the 3d. G-orgey pursued the route pre- 
scribed to him, while Perczel, reinforced by some battalions 
newly raised in Pesth, marched on the Theiss to protect 
the government and Diet. He at first established his head- 
quarters at Szolnok, afterwards at Torbk St. Miklos, and 
extended his posts to Czibakhaza to prevent the enemy 
from crossing the river in that quarter. This corps, num- 
bering between six and eight thousand, had several unim- 
portant combats with the Austrians, who followed close 



WINTER CAMPAIGN ON THE THEI3S. 25 

upon them — sometimes beaten, sometimes beating. Gen- 
eral Repassy was at Ujvaros forming a new corps, which, 
together with the detachment at Tisza-Fiired, amounted to 
nearly five thousand men. General Meszaros commanded 
eight thousand men at Tokay, the remnants of his army, 
which had been defeated by Schlick on the 4th of January 
at Kashau.^ 

Klapka was ordered to take command of Gen. Meszaros' 
corps at Tokay, which he did on the 13th of January. 

Encouraged by his success, Schlick began to act on the 
offensive, and advanced with five thousand men against 



* Schlick had two meetings with our forces at Kashau, once 
under Colonel Pulsky and once under General Meszaros, in both 
of which we were the losers. Meszaros lost eleven cannons and 
drew off but 8,000 of his 16,000 men. It is right to say, how- 
ever, that this corps was composed almost entirely of national 
guards and recruits, of whom not more than* one in five had 
fire-arms, and that even the cannons were served by novices, and 
of course served badly. I should also mention, that the 8,000 
missing were neither killed nor taken prisoners — for Schlick did 
not leave his defensive position to follow them — but dispersed to 

their homes. 

3 



26 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

our position. The battle of the 22d at Torczal, and of the 
23d at Bodrogkeresztur, were in extremely cold weather. 
Schlick, in spite of all his military stratagems, was de- 
feated in both with a great loss in dead and wounded, and 
was forced back to Szanto.^ When he saw that he could 
effect nothing either by his strength or his tricks, he asked 
for a reinforcement, and obtained one of six thousand men 
under General Schulczig, who advanced from Miskolz on 
the 27th of January. Klapka, whose main business was 
to prevent a passage of the Theiss, retired behind that river 
to Rakamaz on Schluczig's approach. He then took such 
admirable measures, that when the hostile generals, with 
their combined forces, attempted a passage on the 31st, 
they were not only vigorously repulsed, but obliged to with- 



* We had Wiirtemberg Hussars in this corps. Schlick had 
formerly been colonel of their regiment. He therefore em- 
ployed various artifices to lead them away from us, and once 
even came among them in person ; but our hussars, influenced 
by their old feelings of respect, suffered him to retire in safety. 
At another time his men showed a white flag, as if they would 
come over to us ; but when our men approached to fraternize, 
opened upon them with a murderous fire. 



WINTER CAMPAIGN ON THE THEISS. 27 

draw from that region altogether. ^ A few days after, 
Dembinsky arrived at Rakamaz, and took command of the 
corps of Klapka and of Kazinczy. 

Dembinsky was harsh and querulous from the very first. 
When reviewing the troops, he found fault with a new 
battalion because they could not present arms. " No, gen- 
eral, they cannot," replied their commander, a brave, 
straightforward soldier, " but they can level their bayonets 
and charge ; they proved they could do that day before 
yesterday." 

We were well informed that Grbrgey was marching to 
Kaschau, and that Schlick and Schulzig were hurrying as 
fast as possible in the same direction, in order to escape 



* I had an opportunity shortly after, of reading an intercepted 
dispatch from Schlick, in which he gave a report of this affair to 
his commander-in-chief. It says : " They had obtained large 
reinforcements — five or six battalions of regulars and several 
battalions of Honveds were in the fight." This is all false. We 
had only one very weak battalion of old regular soldiers in the 
corps, and it took no part in the engagement. Those who 
seemed to him so numerous, and by whom he was beaten, were 
barely two battalions of Honveds. See note B. 



28 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

either to Szepsi or Jaszo. Klapka, upon his own urgent 
representations, was charged to follow this corps by forced 
marches. Dembinsky himself, with the remainder of the 
forces, proposed moving toward Putnok, to cut them off, 
if, as was probable, they should take that road. The first 
part of this arrangement was immediately put in execution. 
The rear-guard of Schlick was overtaken on the 8th of 
February at Hidas-Nemethi, where he had thrown up bar- 
ricades behind the Hernat. Notwithstanding the cold was 
so intense that our boots were frozen in the stirrups, and 
although we had been marching since early in the morn- 
ing, and the day was now far advanced, Klapka ordered an 
assault at four in the afternoon upon the enemy's very 
strong position. At six the burning bridge over the Hernat, 
and half an hour afterwards the barricades of Hidas-Ne- 
methi, were carried, and that too by raw volunteers. The 
enemy made such good thrift with the darkness, that we 
were unable to trace them that night. We discovered 
next day, to our great joy, that they had gone toward 
Szepsi, and so fallen into the snare. To prevent any 
escape, Klapka sent Colonel Dessewffy with a brigade to 
Enyiczke and Buzinka, while he proceeded to Kaschau 
and joined Gorgey on the 10th of the month. During the 



WINTER CAMPAIGN ON THE THEISS. 29 

night of the 10th, a messenger came in from Dembinsky 
with orders for Klapka to leave the further pursuit of 
Schlick to Gen. Gorgey, and return as speedily as possible 
with his own troops to Miskolcz, where he would receive 
further directions. In pursuance of this order, we started on 
our backward march, and reached Miskolcz on the 14th, 
the very day on which Dembinsky, in consequence of his 
imperfect dispositions, had suffered Schlick after a short 
encounter to escape in the direction of Tornallya, and 
brought from the field, instead of the whole corps, only a 
few baggage-wagons as trophies of victory. 

As the Austrian main army had entered Hatvan, Klapka 
was commissioned to go forward on the Pesth road and 
await in Mezzokovesd accounts from the other corps 
oVarmee. At this place, meanwhile, Klapka learned that 
the enemy had halted, and that their advanced guard of 
several divisions of cuirassiers were taking their ease in 
the castle of Count Karoly at Kompolt. A surprise was 
immediately planned. Our cavalry came suddenly upon 
them in the night of the 18th, killed a portion of them, 
and took the rest prisoners. Because Klapka had man- 
aged this surprise without first obtaining Dembinsky' s ap*- 

proval ; because, in the course of a five day's residence 

3* 



30 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

at Mezzbkovesd, he had ridden into Miskolcz one afternoon 
to consult with his general upon future operations, and not 
finding him there, had left a brief statement of his views 
in writing ; finally and mainly, because on this occasion 
he held a long conversation with G-orgey, who was an old 
garde-comrade, Dembinsky, who could never rid himself of 
the mistrust that seems a second nature to almost all Poles, 
and who suspected in this conversation plots against him- 
self, became excessively irritated, and shortly after wrote 
him an official letter in the harshest style, wherein he 
threatened to send that officer to a court-martial at De- 
breczin to answer for having acted on his own authority, 
and left his station. In reference to the written state- 
ment, he added : " You are to have views upon nothing ; 
you have only to execute what is prescribed to you." 
Gorgey was at a later day honored with a similar missive. 
This may have been in part the cause that the necessary 
harmony was wanting in all the after operations, and that 
the battle of Kapolna did not fully answer previous ex- 
pectations. The chief cause, however, of the succeeding 
failures is to be looked for in Dembinsky' s absurd dis- 
positions, in his extreme forgetfulness and obstinacy, and 
in his wretched selection of a general staff. From Mezzo- 



WINTER CAMPAIGN ON THE THEISS. 31 

kovesd, Klapka was ordered to Bakta, to close the pass 
there against Schlick, who was in Petervasar. On 
reaching there, he received from persons on whom he 
could rely accurate information of Schlick' s condition, 
and how he could be surprised and routed. He imme- 
diately took measures accordingly. Mariassy was com- 
missioned to go around Petervasar towards Mindszent ; 
but at the same time early notice of the arrangements 
was sent to the commander-in-chief at Erlau. Dembin- 
sky's answer was nearly in the manner of the letter 
referred to above. It strictly forbade Klapka to put his 
arrangements in execution. This prohibition came to 
hand at three o'clock in the night. Mariassy's column 
was already five hours on its way, and could not be 
countermanded before five in the morning, the hour fixed 
upon for the attack. There was nothing to be done but 
to advance towards Petervasar, and, if Mariassy had in 
our absence brought the entire force of the enemy on him- 
self, to furnish such aid as he might stand in need of, 
but otherwise not to co-operate actively. That officer, 
on his part, succeeded to his wishes, and was already 
at that place with his artillery before his presence was 
perceived. The confusion in the hostile ranks may be 



32 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

imagined. But the affair was all on one side, for the 
enemy could retire at their pleasure. Mariassy, embar- 
rassed by the non-appearance of Klapka, contented him- 
self with spiking the guns in the market-place, and left 
the town, after killing a few of its defenders. Schlick was 
this time saved by Dembinsky's obstinacy, as he had 
formerly escaped through his blunders. 

The Austrian army was gradually drawing near, and 
Dembinsky resolved to hazard a decisive engagement. 
Klapka' s corps was accordingly brought into line .behind 
Tarna, one division under Klapka was transferred to Ver- 
pcleth, another under Mariassy to Kapolna, Schulz's brigade 
stood in reserve at Szolnok, Repassy's corps was ordered 
on the 27th to Kompolt, one division of G-orgey's army 
to Kapolna, two others to Felso-Dobro and Also-Dobro, 
to take their place in the line of battle. Two other di- 
visions were to form a reserve. 

The enemy, meanwhile, attacked Kapolna, at noon of 
the 26th, with a superior force. Mariassy held his ground 
bravely, and the battle, with changing fortune, lasted till 
late into the night. The Austrians twice carried the village, 
and were as often expelled, finally leaving it in our posses- 
sion. On the 27th Schlick forced his way through the pass of 



WINTER CAMPAIGN ON THE THEISS. 33 

Sirok — driving back the detachment sent by Dembinsky to 
guard it, and fell upon our right flank, while others of the 
enemy were marching from Nanar and Vecs against our 
centre. Klapka's corps had to bear alone the brunt of the 
first assault, for the other corps had not then come into line, 
and was forced from its position before succor arrived. An 
unpardonable error had been committed ; let those who 
deserve it bear the blame. On a line of battle extending 
fifteen miles, while the enemy were acting with their 
entire strength, there were not at any one time more than 
three of our divisions engaged, the others never appeared 
till the first had been driven back. So matters went 
through the day, until the demonstrations of our reserve in 
the afternoon put a limit to the enemy's progress. There 
was hard fighting on both sides during the day and a half 
that this battle lasted, but had our troops been better 
directed the issue had assuredly been in our favor. 

Windischgratz's force amounted to about sixty thousand ; 
we numbered not quite forty thousand. Besides the al- 
most total destruction of a regiment of Uhlans and the 
Italian battalion Zanini, the enemy spiked and left behind 
in Kapolna eight cannon on the first day, and lost nearly 
four thousand in dead and wounded. Our loss in dead, 



34 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

wounded, and missing was greater by some two hundred 
than theirs. At the close of the action we took position on 
the heights behind Kerecsend, but were mostly ordered 
back the same night to Mezzokovesd. The remaining 
troops followed the next day, and were no sooner come into 
line than the enemy renewed the attack with five large 
bodies of cavalry, but were met so warmly by our brave Wil- 
helm and Palatinal hussars that they were fain to go back 
leaving their guns to our care. The night passed quietly, 
and we were eagerly waiting, from hour to hour, for orders 
to advance. What, then, was our astonishment, when we 
received, at eight o'clock the next morning, commands to 
fall back to Poroszlo, and thence behind the Theiss, in the 
following order : — Klapka's corps and the division of Szeku- 
lic's to Egerfarmas ; the corps of Aulich — he having mean- 
time taken command of that of Gen. Repassy — to St. 
Istvan ; Gorgey's corps to Mezzo-Keresztes. The move- 
ment was to begin immediately. What was to be done ? 
We could only obey ; and accordingly broke up and set 
forward on our various routes. I went with Klapka to 
Egerfarmas. I should premise that the enemy were at 
Szijhalon and Szemere, which Dembinsky must have 
known as well as we. Now I wish to ask if a flank- 



WINTER CAMPAIGN ON THE THEISS. 35 

march, rendered additionally difficult by the nature of the 
ground, should be executed in broad day and in close 
proximity to the enemy ? He will be somewhat troubled 
to give an answer. The consequences too soon demon- 
strated the hazardous character of a movement planned in 
defiance of all military rules. After overcoming great ob- 
stacles we reached Egerfarmas in the afternoon of the 3d of 
March. The troops were literally packed together on an 
open field behind the town, the only standing place that 
could be found for them. When the necessary guards had 
been set, the members of the staff — to which I had the 
honor of belonging — who, as well as the men, had scarcely 
eaten for three days, repaired to a noble proprietor of the 
district who, the quarter-master reported, was getting ready 
a splendid banquet for us. 

The worthy quarter-master was not deceived. "We were 
called to the table as soon as we had entered the mansion. 
But we had hardly seated ourselves and taken the first 
mouthful, when a twelve pound ball dropped into the 
courtyard, somewhat disturbing the silent but very agree- 
able operations of our noble staff. We hurried out, sprang 
to horse, and found that the enemy at Szemere, without 
the trouble of moving, had placed six batteries in a half 



3G THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

circle, and turned their concentrating fire upon our way- 
worn, famished troops. Egerfarmas was so miry, and the 
neighborhood so marshy, that with eight horses to each, 
we were unable to bring any but three pounders into use, 
while the whole battery from Szemere was playing upon 
us. If the Austrians had only shown a little vigor, and 
sent a column towards Tarkany, with orders to attack 
immediately on gaining our rear, not one thousand of our 
eighteen thousand would have escaped — for there was 
no room for necessary evolutions — and as to our fifty- 
eight cannons — ! But they permitted us to march off 
very comfortably, and were even so courteous as to re- 
frain from pursuit. For this politeness I return thanks, 
in my own name, and for the batteries which I had 
drawn out one by one from the mud, two hours after 
midnight, under the simple escort of eight young hussars. 
We went to Tisza-Fiired on the 2d of March. On the 
3d, a council of war was held, under the presidency of 
Gorgey, in which the assembled officers expressed their 
want of confidence in Dembinsky, who, in consequence, 
resigned the same day. On the 8th of the month Gorgey 
recrossed the Theiss, Klapka marched to Szolnok, and 
Aulich remained in Tisza-Fiired. 



VICTORIOUS ADVANCES OF THE HUNGARIAN ARMY. 37 



II. 



VICTORIOUS ADVANCES OF THE HUNGARIAN ARMY IN MARCH 
AND APRIL, 1849. 

The surprise near Szolnok, conducted by Damjanics and 
Vecsey, with Klapka as a reserve, met with complete 
success. The enemy, uuder Generals Karger and Ottinger, 
were partly dispersed, partly driven into the river Zagyva. 
Besides nearly five hundred prisoners, we took most of their 
cannon, many military wagons, chests, etc. This surprise, 
the favorable result of which was mainly owing to Dam- 
janics' troops, who made the first charge upon the Aus- 
trians with the greatest bravery, and then the battle 
before the place itself, were the beginning of that brilliant 
series of victories by which, in battles and skirmishes fol- 
lowing each other in quick succession, the Austrians were 
totally routed, and forced to vacate the capital and most 
of the upper districts of the country. This day was also a 
day of knowledge, for there our young troops learned that, 
conscious of the sacredness of their cause, they were a 

match for the more skillful and. stronger forces of the 

4 



38 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

enemy. This knowledge inspired them with courage for 
the performance of deeds that shall never be forgotten in 
the history of Hungary — nor in the history of Europe. 
After this victory Kossuth came to the head-quarters, held 
a review, particularly of those battalions that had distin- 
guished themselves, thanked them, with glowing eloquence, 
in the name of their country, and summoned them to fur- 
ther deeds of like glory. 

It was now determined to resume the offensive, which 
had for a time, through Dembinsky's errors, been changed 
to the defensive. The plan was, that Gorgey, who had 
already crossed the Theiss, should move in the direction of 
Gyongyos, and that the army of 30,000, concentrated at 
Czibakhaza, near Szolnok, under Gen. Vetter, should pass 
Nagy-Koros, and operate upon Pesth. Accordingly, on the 
22d of March, the latter army crossed the Theiss at Czi- 
bakhaza ; but when they learned that the enemy were 
gathered between 70 and 80,000 strong at Koros, they 
relinquished their design, and returned behind the Theiss. 
It was then resolved in a council of war, at which Kossuth 
was present, that the two armies should operate together 
towards a common centre. Vetter, whose corps was sent 
towards Tisza-Fiired, was at this time seized with a fever, 



VICTORIOUS ADVANCES OF THE HUNGARIAN ARMY. 39 

and there being no hope of his speedy recovery, President 
Kossuth, who was still on the ground, named Gorgey pro- 
visional commander-in-chief. We once more passed the 
Theiss on the 27th of March, and on the 2d of April came 
abreast of Gorgey's division — now under Gen. Gaspar — 
advancing on the direct post-road to Pesth. The same day 
Gaspar fought with the Austrians for six hours, and drove 
them behind Hatvan ; except the taking of Hatvan, this 
battle had no important results. 

Kossuth was now permanently with the army. In a 
council of war, held on the 3d of April, Klapka proposed 
the plan — afterwards so successfully executed — of flanking 
Godollo, a position where a very small force could hold 
whole armies in check, and which was the very key of 
Pesth. In pursuance of this design, the corps under Klapka 
as the advance, Damjanics in the centre, and Aulich in 
the rear, marched on the 4th towards Tapiobicske. Our 
scouts all agreed in stating that Tapiobicske was defended 
by only two battalions and one battery. Klapka, in his 
ardor, and in the consciousness of his strength, neglected 
the necessary precautions, and ordered his whole army 
across the only bridge over the Tapio, a fenny, unfordable 
stream. Between the river and the village, situated at the 



40 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

foot of a mountain, fifteen hundred paces distant, are noth- 
ing but quicksands. When he was come near enough to 
the place, he gave orders to storm without further examina- 
tion. But to our astonishment, every house was suddenly 
changed to a redoubt, and numberless batteries opened 
upon us from the mountain back of the village. "We had 
been sorely deceived. Jellachich's entire corps, to which 
was added Rastich's brigade, lay here in ambush. It was 
fortunate for us that they discovered themselves so quickly, 
otherwise our first battalions might have been utterly de- 
stroyed. As it was, they saved themselves with a trifling 
loss. 

Nevertheless, the sudden appearance of the enemy on 
all sides had so injurious an effect on our men, that after 
a short resistance, they began to retreat, and many bat- 
talions ran in confusion to the bridge. Klapka himself 
was cut off from the main body, and had, with a portion 
of his suite, ridden into a quagmire, where he stuck fast. 
His safety was owing to a cap and coarse cloak which he 
had taken with his own hands from a conquered Serbian, 
and worn throughout the winter campain. He was sup- 
posed from his dress to be one of the new recruits, rather 
than a general. When Damjanics' corps, especially the 



VICTORIOUS ADVANCES OF THE HUNGARIAN ARMY. 41 

brave 3d and 9th battalions, came up, affairs took a dif- 
ferent turn. These two battalions at the head, broke their 
way through the fugitives, and amid the cross-fire of the 
enemy on the causeway, carried the bridge at one charge, 
and restored the fight. In less than half an hour, they not 
only recovered all advantages from the enemy, but forced 
them to retire from the village. The scattered troops of 
Klapka were rapidly collected, and aided effectively in 
driving the enemy from their very strong position on the 
mountain, where they made an obstinate resistance, and 
pursued them till nightfall. The loss in this action, which 
lasted nearly ten hours, was quite large, amounting on 
both sides to more than 1,000 killed and wounded. 

That they might have no rest, we followed close upon 
their tracks. On the 5th of April we learned that the en- 
tire Austrian army was concentrated near Isaszeg, under 
"Windischgratz. Dispositions for a general engagement 
were accordingly made. A column was sent out towards 
Petzel on the left, under General Dessewffy, to turn the 
hostile flank, which, however, owing to the difficulties of 
the ground, did not reach its destination till after the 
enemy were beaten. Windischgratz' s main body, with 120 

cannon, occupied the heights behind Isaszeg — a position 

4* 



42 THE HUNGARIAN STE.UGGLE FOR FREEDOMS 

that might well be called the Gibraltar of the country — 
and also the village and forest in front. Klapka ap- 
proached by the road from Sap, Damjanics from Koka, Au- 
lich forming a reserve between the two towards the woods 
before Isaszeg. About noon began a murderous fire, and 
the charge upon the forest. Our troops fought heroically, 
and carried the woods three times, but were as often ex- 
pelled by the greatly superior force opposed to them. At 
last, reinforced by Aulich's corps, and the cavalry of 
Graspar who had come up from Tura, they bore down all 
resistance, not only clearing the woods at one charge, but 
entering the village which was now burning in at least 
ten different places. And now all the fierce horrors of the 
fight were displayed. Along the whole line of battle, for 
an extent of at least five miles, there was an incessant 
firing of artillery and small arms, and constant charges 
and attacks. "When our column came out from the woods, 
they became exposed to a destructive fire from the heights ; 
but careless of this, and with a singular contempt of death, 
they stormed the enemy's stronghold. Before nightfall, 
the tricolor was planted on the hostile works, and waved 
out gloriously in the last beams of the setting sun. The 
Austrians, who, trusting to what they believed an impreg- 



VICTORIOUS ADVANCES OF THE HUNGARIAN ARMY. 43 

liable position, had perhaps fought better than on. any 
other occasion during the war, were beaten on all sides, 
and nothing but the coming darkness saved them from 
utter rout. Our troops, much exhausted by forced marches 
and by the fatigues of the day, were in great need of 
repose. They accordingly bivouacked. The pursuit was 
left to a few divisions of cavalry. The loss on both sides 
was several thousand in dead and wounded, but that of 
the enemy by far the largest. We had now become mas- 
ters of the railroad from Pesth to Szolnok. 

Early the next morning, we again hastened forward, both 
Hungarian armies directing their course to Grodollo, the last 
tenable position of the enemy between us and Pesth ; but 
as the loss of Isaszeg exposed their flank, they had forsaken 
it and retreated early in the day to Pesth, where they threw 
up strong intrenchments, and prepared for defence. We 
came just upon Kerepes' rear, which left us the field after a 
short encounter. Further pursuit was not in our plan ; 
besides that our men could hardly be said to have eaten or 
slept since leaving Tapiobicskc, and needed rest. 

All now was busy at our head-quarters in G-odollo. 
Kossuth was there with some of his ministry and deputies 
from the Diet, who were preparing to declare the Indepen- 



44 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

dence of Hungary and the banishment of the Austrian 
Dynasty. Their purpose was made known to the army, 
who received its announcement with the greatest enthu- 
siasm. Kossuth and his associates immediately returned 
to Debreczin, in order to take proper measures in reference 
to this important subject. On the 14th of April, 1849, the 
representatives of the Hungarian nation met in the Prot- 
estant church at Debreczin. Kossuth, in an eloquent ad- 
dress, reported the late victories, presented the rights and 
claims of Hungary, the abuses and perfidy of Austria, 
and called upon the Diet and the assembled people, in the 
name of their country and of God, to shake off the fetters 
that had bound them for three centuries, and take their 
place among the independent nations. The following 
propositions were then unanimously adopted : — 

"1. Hungary with all its legal provinces and counties 
should be proclaimed as a free, independent, and self-sub- 
sistent state, whose integrity and unity can never be 
attacked. 

"2. The dynasty of Hapsburg-Lorrain, whose treachery 
and perfidiousness took up arms against the Hungarian 
nation, which tried to divide the country, to annihilate the 
holy constitution, to produce hatred between the different 



VICTORIOUS ADVANCES OF THE HUNGARIAN ARMY. 45 

races, and which was even so shameless as to make use 
of a foreign power (Russia) to butcher a whole nation, 
which in this way has torn in pieces the Pragmatic sanc- 
tion, which has violated every mutual treaty, this faithless 
dynasty of Hapsburg-Lorrain, should be deposed forever as 
ruler in Hungary and all its legal provinces and countries, 
should be exiled and banished forever from all the terri- 
tories of Hungary, and should never be allowed the 
privilege of Hungarian citizenship. This banishment 
should be proclaimed in the name of the whole Hun- 
garian nation. 

"3. The Hungarian nation being, by a holy, unalien- 
able right, self-subsistent, free, and independent, may pro- 
claim its decided will to keep peace and friendship with 
all nations of the world, so long as its rights are not 
violated ; to keep particularly peace and friendship with 
those people who were before united with Hungary, under 
the same ruler ; also with the neighboring Turkish and 
Italian countries, and to make treaties and alliances with 
them founded on mutual interests. 

"4. The future system of government with its par- 
ticularities shall be deliberated and decided by the National 
Assembly. Until the new principles of government are 



46 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

deliberated upon and accepted, a president, with respon- 
sible ministers, should be elected and invested with the 
executive power. 

" 5. A committee of three members should be author- 
ized to publish a manifest of this resolution and its prin- 
ciples." 

In order as soon as possible to relieve Comorn, which 
had been hardly pressed since December of the preceding 
year, and at the same time to hold in check and constantly 
harass the hostile army in Pesth and Ofen, our forces were 
disposed as follows : — The corps of Klapka, Damjanics, 
and Gaspar, under the lead of Gorgey, were to draw off to 
Comorn ; Aulich, with his own corps, and the division of 
Vimety and Asboth, was to keep watch of Pesth. Gorgey 
departed for Comorn on the 8th of April, while Aulich re- 
mained behind ; and, having defeated the Austrians in four 
different actions, obliged them to evacuate Pesth ; but 
they left a garrison of between 5 and 6,000 men, under 
Gen. Henzy, in the fortress of Ofen. 

On the 9th of April, Gorgey marched against Waitzen, 
with the full knowledge that the town was held by 12,000 
Austrians, under generals, the Prince Jablonovsky, Gocz, and 
Fidler. They were also fully informed of our approach, 



VICTORIOUS ADVANCES OF THE HUNGARIAN ARMY. 47 

and stood awaiting us drawn up behind a row of sand hills. 
Damjanics, who was then leading the advance, attacked 
them as soon as he came in sight, without waiting for the 
others to come up, and pushed them so hotly, in spite of a 
violent rain, that when Klapka appeared on the right wing 
they were already wavering, and soon after began their 
retreat. They were closely followed into the town, which 
was taken by storm. They again formed on the heights 
outside, but were routed, after a fight of two hours, and 
driven to Verocze. We took a number of cannons and 
military wagons, and about 500 prisoners. Gen. Gocz, and 
several hundred of less rank, lay dead on the field. Our 
loss, in killed and wounded, was not more than thirty at 
the utmost. 

On the 10th, we continued on our course towards Co- 
mpm, choosing the mountain road for greater security. 
This region was quite clear from the enemy. It was not 
till we were about crossing the Grran, at Levencz, that we 
observed their outposts on the opposite bank. They had 
partly carried and partly burned the bridges on this stream. 
We thought that we had now met with a most serious 
difficulty. The stream, naturally very rapid, was greatly 
swollen. There were no materials at hand for constructing 



48 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

a bridge, and the river was commanded from an admirable 
position on the other side. 

Nevertheless, we, resolved to do our best, collected 
mills,* house-roofs, barrels, and timbers, and commenced 
our building at Obars and Levencz, at which latter place 
we completed a structure at the end of three days. 

The enemy let us work at our pleasure without the least 
disturbance, nay even marched away before our eyes during 
the building of the bridge. If Wohlgemuth did not enjoy 
the reputation of being one of the cleverest generals in 
Austria, I should say he was one of the stupidest in the 
world. I am to this day unable to understand how one 
can allow an opponent to throw a bridge over a stream, 
some fifty fathoms broad, and pass his troops over it on 
their way to relieve a closely-besieged fortress. Indeed, I 
shall feel under obligations to any one who will make me 
acquainted with the principles of tactics or strategy which 
the aforesaid general applied to the case in question. The 
corps of Klapka and Damjanics consumed the whole of the 
18th in crossing the tottering bridge, which threatened 



* The small river or floating mills are of course here meant. 



VICTORIOUS ADVANCES OF THE HUNGARIAN ARMY. 49 

every moment to give way, and we did not reach Lbk till 

late in the evening. Here we were universally assured 

that the enemy had gone down to the city of Gran, which 

we were the more ready to believe from having seen them 

start in that direction. 

We were pursuing our march on the 19th, with Klapka 

in advance, when the commander in front sent back an 

officer, with the astounding report, that a very large body 

of the enemy was drawn up in order of battle near Grosz- 

Sarlo. We galloped forward, and saw, with our own eyes, 

what we found it difficult to believe from the mouth 

of another — a strong army, with its right wing resting on 

the town, its left on the range of mountains, and its centre 

supported by a forest. We had made no dispositions for 

such an occurrence as this ; Gorgey was still behind at 

Levencz, Gaspar's corps had not yet even crossed the Gran. 

But, not stopping long to deliberate, we charged upon the 

much superior force thus suddenly opposed to us. In the 

beginning the battle swayed doubtful, now hither, now 

thither ; now we had no left wing, and now no centre ; 

but the bravery of our soldiers supplied all deficiencies, 

and 22,000 new recruits, without preparation, defeated 

34,000 choice Austrian troops, fully provided with artillery, 

5 



50 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

and commanded by the ablest generals.^ The battle was 
first decided on our left answering to the hostile right 
wing. Damjanics went around the town, which was 
defended by four battalions, two rocket and four field 
batteries, while Kazinczy carried it by a masterly assault. 
The garrison defended themselves with desperation. Every 
room, every cellar and door-way, had to be stormed 
separately, but stormed they were, and the occupants 
either cut down or taken prisoners, — but few made their 
escape. When the enemy had lost this support, they 
threw themselves violently in strong columns upon our 
centre, striving their utmost to break it through and dis- 
perse our troops. A large flanking column of cavalry 
partly broke their left wing, that had already been shaken 
by the taking of the town, and was not yet perfectly 
restored, and flanked their centre. This, and the coming 
up of two of our batteries, at not more than three hundred 
paces distant from their main column, causing fearful 
destruction in its ranks, forced them to abandon their 
design and commence a retreat ; otherwise they could 



* Wohlgemuth and Benedek. 



VICTORIOUS ADVANCES OP THE HUNGARIAN ARMY. 51 

have easily succeeded, for our centre was almost without 
artillery. They were hotly pursued. The commander of 
our extreme right neglected to keep close by the vineyards 
on his side. The error had nearly given a new turn to 
the fortunes of the day, for, when we least looked for such 
an event, we were assaulted in flank and rear by 8,000 
men. There was at first a little confusion in this wing ; 
but it would yield in nothing of bravery to the rest, turned 
fiercely back on the assailants, and in less than an hour 
not only repulsed them but even cleared the wood whither 
they had retired after the first onset. The retreat now 
became general ; the pursuit was kept up till ten at 
night. 

This last mentioned body of 8,000 men, under Gren. Her- 
zinger, mostly grenadiers, arrived on the ground from the 
imperial head-quarters, at Olmiitz, just as the battle was 
decided.^ They were on the point of withdrawing, When 
they marked the oversight of our right wing, and hoped, 



* The embarrassment of the Austrian court may be imagined, 
when it found itself obliged to send a portion of the body- 
guard into the field. 



52 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

by a rapid movement against flank and rear, to recover 
what was lost. The experiment proved an unhappy one. 
As we rode over the field with Gen. Klapka, we came 
..upon a company of grenadiers who had all been dreadfully 
wounded in the feet by our guns. The general noticed 
their uniform, and asked who was their commander ; they 
answered, " Captain Klapka." He was the general's 
much-loved brother ! In tins unhappy war, there were 
thousands of such instances, where father strove against 
son, and brother against brother. 

The enemy lost, in this battle, besides some thousands 
killed, 3,000 prisoners and a number of cannon. Our 
loss, in killed and wounded, was not far from 800. The 
laurels of the day are mainly due to artillery. There 
were batteries of six cannons, in which, after five were 
dismounted, the sixth was still actively served. No further 
opposition was offered after this action, and we held on our 
course undisturbed to Comom, which was still undergoing 
a continuous bombardment. A few days before our arrival, 
Gen. Guyon, the newly- appointed commandant, attended 
by only one squadron of hussars, had broke his way through 
the whole besieging army, and made good his entrance into 
the fortress. 



RELIEF OF COMORN. 53 



III. 



RELIEF OF COMORN. 

That portion of the besiegers who were on the left bank 
of the Danube withdrew at our approach. On the day of 
our arrival Gren. Guyon sallied out into the Schutt,^ and 
drove the enemy behind Aranyos. It only remained, 
therefore, to clear the right bank, where was the main 
body of the Austrians, and whence the bombs flew con- 
stantly into the city and fortress. The restoration of the 
bridge of boats over the Danube, that had formerly con- 
nected the fortress with the tete du pont, but had long 
since been shot away, was immediately taken in hand, 
and completed in three days, that is, on the 25th of April, 
in spite of an uninterrupted shower of bombs and balls. f 

* The Schiitt is a large island formed by the Danube and an 
arm of that river. 

f The design of the enemy was to destroy, if possible, our 

works upon the bridge, of which they commanded a view from 

5* 



54 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

The same evening eight picked battalions, led by Colonel 
Knezics, were ordered over the bridge. At two hours 
after midnight they stormed the hostile works opposite the 
fortress, which were already in the second parallel, cap- 
tured all their defenders, and seized all their guns. While 
the darkness continued, the same battalions stormed Old 
and New Szony, two places opposite the fortress, took many 
additional prisoners, and large supplies of war materiel. 
At four in the morning the armee-corps began to cross the 
bridge. At eight o'clock the battle commenced, in which 
the Austrian main army, including the besieging force, 
under the chief command of Lieutenant Field-Marshal Vel- 
den, who had been appointed in place of Windischgratz, 
engaged against the ca?ys cVarmee of Klapka and Dam- 
janics, and the troops of the garrison. Grorgey's dispositions 
were so imperfect, that our old choice troops, that is, those 
of his former corps, together with the best artillery and 



their elevated position. They accordingly discharged bombs 
and balls upon us day and night — the bombs with short matches, 
so that they all exploded over our heads, and killed and wounded 
some of our workmen. 



RELIEF OF COMORN. 55 

cavalry were just passing the river at evening, when our 
general staff were returning to the city after the victory. 
Had they, especially the cavalry, co-operated in the action, 
the enemy might, perhaps, have this time been pursued to 
Vienna. — "Was Grdrgey already cherishing treacherous pur- 
poses ? The fight began on the high grounds before New 
Szony, and, notwithstanding the great superiority of those 
opposed to us, was there immediately decided in our favor ; 
but the further back the enemy were driven, the better and 
more elevated were the positions which they successively 
occupied, and obstinately defended. Their left wing finally 
entered the woods before Acs, with their centre turning 
towards Puszta-Herkaly, and their right wing to Nagy and 
Kis-Igmand. It was two in the afternoon, when General 
Kagy Sandor, commander of the cavalry, received orders 
to flank the enemy's right wing, and drive them over the 
Csonczo, which would have made a general retreat neces- 
sary. But this brave general, pushing forward with too 
much ardor, suddenly brought our cavalry into a formidable 
cross-fire. Its flank was at the same time turned by 
Schlick's corps. A retreat, in utter confusion, was the 
result. The presence of Gorgey's cavalry, at this juncture, 
had been of the utmost importance. 



56 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

When the infantry had recovered the advantages lost by 
this disaster, the fighting ceased on both sides, on account 
of the extreme heat,- and each party encamped. During 
the engagement we captured a number of cannons, took 
many prisoners, and gained possession of two camps, with 
more than 3,000 tents, and the camp utensils. The 
enemy's loss, in dead and wounded, was over 4,000 ; ours 
not quite 1,000. During the night the Austrians crossed 
the river, and passed the frontier. How easily they might 
have been destroyed on this occasion — how easily we 
might have taken Vienna ! What advantages would have 
accrued from that event, not only to Hungary, but to 
Europe at large ! These things every honest man at that 
time saw. But Gorgey contented himself with sending 
Gaspar's corps to Eaab, and a division, under Kosztolanyi, 
to the Schiitt ; and, after remaining eight days longer be- 
fore Comorn, leisurely proceeded to the siege of Ofen. 

The government, meanwhile, had perceived that the 
credit of these important victories was not due to Gorgey, 
who had not made the dispositions, nor been personally 
present in most of the actions, but to the good management 
of the subordinate generals, and to the bravery of the sol- 
diers. They were also inclined to blame him for having, 



RELIEF OF COMORN. 57 

in defiance of their urgent recommendation, omitted to 
follow up the enemy with vigor. The attempt was there- 
fore made to remove him, in a handsome manner, from the 
army, and he was appointed minister of war. He accepted 
the appointment, bat excused himself from immediately 
entering on its duties, on the ground that there were no 
generals in the army to whom he could safely intrust the 
chief command. He desired, meantime, to send Gen. Dam- 
janics as his substitute in the ministry of war. When this 
general, who was a great eye-sorrow to him, and whom he 
had misled by all sorts of deceptive representations to under- 
take the provisional administration of that office, broke his 
foot the very day before his intended departure, he pre- 
vailed upon Klapka to take his place, in order to remove 
.this genius also, of whose popularity with the army he was 
jealous. Klapka left for the seat of government the same 
day that the three armies set out on their march to Ofen. 



58 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 



IV. 



THE BOMBARDMENT OF PESTH AND STORMING OF OFEN. 

That they might not expose the fairest city in Hungary 
to a needless bombardment, our blockading army did not 
make their entrance into Pesth until the Austrians had 
left of their own accord. The commandant of the hostile 
fortress of Ofen, which stands on the opposite bank of the 
Danube, assured the inhabitants that he would not bom- 
bard their city so long as the first cause of provocation did 
not come from their side. Hence every thing was avoided 
on the part of the Hungarians that might bring ruin upon 
this beautiful place. For the purpose of connecting with 
Gorgey's army that had meantime appeared on the Ofen 
bank, and because the chain bridge was commanded by 
the enemy, and indeed partly taken away, a new bridge 
was built lower down the stream. Gorgey took command 
of all the blockading troops, distributed them on the 
heights about Ofen, and fixed his headquarters on the so- 
called Scwhabenberg. He then summoned the command- 



BOMBARDMENT OF PESTH AND STORMING OF OFEN. 59 

ant of Ofen to surrender within forty-eight hours, and 
bade him beware of bombarding Pesth, as no operations 
would proceed from that quarter — threatening if the old 
arrangement in this respect were broken, to put the entire 
garrison to the sword when the fortress was taken. The 
commandant returned in answer that he should hold out 
to the last, but should not bombard the city so long as it 
gave him no occasion. But when did a mercenary tool of 
the Austrian Camarilla ever keep his plighted word ? 
Never when it was against his real or supposed interest. 
Here is one of many proofs. Henczy bombarded Pesth 
without the least provocation, and changed the elegant 
row of buildings on the river, and the finest streets and 
squares into heaps of ruins — for it, may he be accursed !* 
It was not till this answer was received that G-orgey sent to 



* Even after the first Hungarian banners were planted on the 
fortress, the Austrians, from a mere love of destruction, were 
preparing to blow up the still unfinished, elegant chain-bridge, 
and were only prevented by the engineer, Claire, who counter- 
mined them, and drenched their materials with water. This may 
serve to show the natural readiness of the Austrians for acts of 
Vandalism. 



60 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

Comorn for the proper "besieging materials — an act of negli- 
gence that has much the air of guilt — for he could easily 
have brought what was necessary with him. When at 
last these arrived, the battering cannon were set up and a 
breach attempted. An attack upon the fortified aqueduct, 
and one upon the fortress itself, under the gallant Colonel 
Vimety, failed of success. But when the first breach was 
made our men could no longer be restrained. When they 
looked down on Pesth, which lay in ruins, they were 
mastered with such a fierce bitterness, and when they 
looked up at the rocky fortress, the sweet hope of vengeance 
beckoned them so fairly, that, in their hot impatience for 
the combat, the battalions actually quarreled with each 
other for the privilege of joining the first column that should 
storm. The dispute had finally to be settled by lot. At 
two o'clock, in the morning of the 21st of May, the assault 
began upon the breach, and by means of scaling ladders, 
on all sides of this fortress, perched upon a rock rising a 
thousand feet above the Danube. Two hundred and forty- 
seven cannons, and from 5 to 6,000 small arms, vomited 
out death and ruin upon the assailants — but nothing could 
damp the ardor of their vengeance. They clung, and crept, 
and sprang like squirrels from ladder to rock, from crag to 



BOMBARDMENT OF PESTH AND STORMING OF OFEN. 61 

ladder. Here and there a ball would strike a ladder, with 

a man grasping every round, and hurl all into the abyss. 

In this way Colonel John Mariassy was thrice cast down ; 

though severely wounded, he climbed again, for the fourth 

time, and happily succeeded in gaining the fortress. At 

seven in the morning the first tricolor was floating from the 

battlements ; at eight the conquest was complete ; at nine 

there was only a search for those who had crawled into 

hiding-places. Instead of killing 6,000 men, we made 

5,000 prisoners. Who shall prevent the feeling of revenge 

from being soon appeased — who shall check the rising pity, 

natural to every true man, at the sight of a conquered, 

kneeling enemy ? Henczy received a fatal wound, of 

which he died the same day. The self-sacrificing bravery 

of his defence was worthy of a better cause. 

Gorgey remained at Ofen several weeks, and then 

marched towards Comorn, to act against the enemy who 

were now collected there with reinforcements from all 

quarters. 

6 



62 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 



OPERATIONS IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF COMORN IN THE 
MONTHS OF JUNE AND JULY, 1849. 

When our government found that the Russian interven- 
tion was a settled matter, the ministerial council fixed upon 
the following system of defence : — Dembinsky should protect 
Upper Hungary against the Russian invasion, — the main 
army resting on Comorn ; the right should extend to the 
mountain cities, the left to the Bakony range ; the southern 
army, under Vetter, was to remain in Baksa on both sides 
of the Danube, until Bern, with a part of his forces from 
Transylvania, should be advanced on a line with the other 
armies, when he was to take the chief command and 
resume the offensive. It was additionally resolved to form 
an army of reserve, at Szolnok, and also arranged that 
22,000 troops, under Klapka's command, should be disposed 
in a fortified camp at Comorn : if the main army were 
repulsed and pursued these were to operate in the rear. 

In pursuance of this design, Klapka left the ministry of 
war, and assumed command of the fortress and troops in 
and about Comorn. Besides several lesser combats, in 
which he was the winning party, he gained an important 



OPERATIONS NEAR COMORN. 63 

victory on the 13 th of June near Comorn, when the 
enemy left some hundreds of dead upon the field — Gen. 
Wyss among the number.^ The army from Ofen at last 
joined him on the 10th of the month, followed a few 
days later by Gorgey himself, who had reposed long 
enough upon his laurels. This latter general at first 
transferred his head-quarters to Gran, and afterwards to 
Todis, whence, through his bureau of operations, after the 
style of the earlier military council of the Austrian court, 
he ordered the disposition of the troops at arm's length 
as follows : — The first corps was sent to Mocsonok and 
TJrmeny, the third to Nyitra, and the second to Ersekujvar ; 
the seventh and eighth remained in their old positions at 
Comorn and Raab. The defence of the mountain cities 
and the mint was committed, God knows why, to his 
brother Cornelius. 

All was now ready for action against the enemy, which 

* I must not here omit all mention of a fact quite remarkable 
in the history of wars, or of princes, that happened on this occa- 
sion. A heroic German prince was dragged, by the heels, out of 
an oven, whither he had retired from pure courage. Our hussars 
were much delighted with this little victory over the hostile foot. 



64 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

was to be commenced between the Waag and the New- 
hausler-Danube. A bridge was thrown over the stream 
at Aszod, and two brigades of the second corps cl'armee, 
under Colonel Asboth, sent thither to reconnoitre^ just at 
the time when the first corps had made an unsuccessful 
assault upon Szered from Sempte, and lost four cannons. 
Colonel Asboth was equally unfortunate in his expedition. 
One of his best battalions was nearly destroyed in storming 
a hostile intrenchment. On the 20th of June, four days 
afterwards, when the reconnoitering had given the enemy 
sufficient warning to concentrate all their forces between 
the Waag and the Newhausler-Danube, the second and 
third corps entered this cul de sac, and attacked them at 
Kiralyrev, while Klapka, with a part of the eighth corps, 
endeavored to take Nyarasd, so as to get command if pos- 
sible of the passage over the Little Danube at Vasarut, and 
cut off their retreat into the Schiitt. But they were in large 
numbers at Nyarasd and its neighborhood, and, by several 
vigorous charges of their Uhlans and cuirassiers, proved 



* This was one of the most senseless dispositions, for, instead 
of misleading the enemy, and concealing the true point of attack, 
it only served to turn their attention directly upon it. 



OPERATIONS NEAR COMORN. 65 

themselves an overmatch for the hussars of Karolyi, Lehel, 
and Hunyadi, who saw fire for the first time that day, and 
retreated, leaving their cannons behind. Gbrgey had 
better success, for he drove more than three times his own 
numbers behind Pered, and gained advantages that made 
good more than fourfold what Klapka had lost. The fight 
was renewed next morning, with increased violence, at 
Pered. Although the enemy had been joined, in the course 
of the night, by an important reinforcement of Russian 
troops, they were at first repulsed ; but, by their enormous 
superiority in numbers, they turned our flank, assailed the 
rear, and forced us to retire.^ The retreat was conducted 
in the greatest order, although we were cut off from the 
bridge, and the enemy had occupied Zsigard and Kiralyrev, 
two places through which our course lay, and which had 
to be carried by storm. The battle lasted till evening. 
When our men began to cross the bridge, the corps at 
Nyarasd, with which Klapka engaged the preceding day, 
advanced to Aszod, for the purpose of destroying it, but 
was this time vigorously repulsed by him. The united 

* We were 22,000 against 95,000 combined Austrians and 
Russians, under their new commander-in-chief, Haynau. 



66 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

loss of these two days, on both sides, was nearly 5,000, 
in killed and wounded. In the courtyard of a farm-house, 
that had been defended and carried by assault, I counted 
the dead bodies of 127 Austrian grenadiers. Immediately 
after this battle, the enemy, as might have been fore- 
seen, transferred all their disposable force to the right 
bank of the Danube, in order to begin their offensive 
operations there. On the 27th of the month Raab was 
attacked by 40,000 men. The garrison, only 6,000 
strong,^ held their position bravely from eight in the 
morning till three in the afternoon, when, without any 
considerable loss, they retreated to Comorn. 

The Austrian army — of which, meantime, the Emperor 
himself, encouraged by the results of the action at Pered, 
had taken command — soon followed. On the 2d of July, 
with a force of 40,000, we gained a victory over 70,000 
Austrians and 25,000 Russians, which, had we but lost, 

* The division of Kmety, numbering 5,000, properly belonged 
to this garrison, but were cut off from the place by the enemy's 
sudden passage of the river Raab. They afterwards formed a 
junction with the army of the south, and never reunited with 
their former corps. 



OPERATIONS NEAR COMORN. 67 

Hungary might be this day an independent nation. Early 
in the morning the intrenched camp before Comorn, 
whither the entire Hungarian army had retired, was 
assaulted on all sides. The Austrians turned their main 
strength, however, against the heights of Monostor, a 
position that commanded the entire Palatinal line, and 
from which the garrison itself could be annoyed by heavy 
ordnance. They carried the first four lines at the first 
charge. They then took the village of Oszony, into which 
we had neglected to throw troops, without difficulty. The 
centre manoeuvred on the right and left, but kept at a 
pretty distance, fearing the open jaws of the black eighteen- 
pounders that coquetted with them. Matters stood in this 
condition when the general staff appeared in the camp. 
Gbrgey took command of the right wing, committed that 
of the centre to Klapka, and of the left to Gen. Leiningen. 
The combat grew more violent as soon as these officers 
took their respective posts. Leiningen too soon prepared an 
unsuccessful cavalry charge, which cost us our bravest horse- 
battery.* The battle continued with various success till 

* This battery accompanied the cavalry to the attack, and, 
when the latter were suddenly repulsed, the battery also re- 



68 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

long past noon, when one of Gorgey' s adjutants came to 
the centre, with orders to Gen. Klapka to send help if pos- 
sible to Gen. Leiningen, and to take Oszony at any price, 
for he, Gorgey, had already forced the enemy from the 
lines on the heights, and driven their right wing back to 
the wood of Acs. Klapka faithfully obeyed the order, 
and, in less than an hour, our troops, after two repulses, 
held Oszony in his possession. The flying enemy were 
pursued in the direction of Todis. Gorgey now came to 
the centre, took all the cavalry and six batteries, and 
charged upon the hostile centre, which he immediately 
broke and pursued till nightfall.^ 

treated at full speed, but, unhappily, in the direction of a ditch, 
which was not seen until it was too late to rein in, and one 
cannon after another pitched into it. The place was covered by 
a range of hills, and none of the enemy, except those engaged in 
the immediate pursuit, were witnesses of our disaster. " The can- 
noneers would not leave these war jewels committed to their 
care. On returning to the spot after the victory, we found all 
but three of them in one heap of dead ; about the same number 
of cuirassiers, lying near by, had attended them to their long 
rest. The enemy had carried off the guns. 

* His royal imperial Austrian majesty lost his title of the 



OPERATIONS NEAR COMORN. 69 

The day was ours. The grand Austrian army, under 
the eyes of their Emperor, was obliged to yield before our 
troops — the juvenile monarch, who, in his nineteenth year, 
had already become great in murdering, with his raven 
mother, must needs take to his heels. We took twice 
as many cannons as we lost. Besides the many prisoners 
in our hands, the enemy left several thousand dead on the 
field. We also had to mourn 2,000 comrades, dead and 
wounded — among the latter Gen. Gorgey, who was grazed 
on the head by a grape-shot. 

When we were returning to the city at a late hour 
in the evening with Klapka, after setting the necessary 
guards, we were met by a staff-officer, who handed to the 
general an important message from the government. ■ Its 
purport was to the effect that Gorgey, who had refused, at 
the frequent and pressing request of government, to unite 



chevalier, for, with his Frau mama, who accompanied in male 
attire, he rode at the top of his speed to Raab, but was thrown 
from his horse several times on the way. He also lost all desire 
to remain longer commander-in-chief, and resigned his post the 
same day. 



70 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

Avith Dembinsky, but persisted in uselessly remaining about 
Comorn, while the capital of the country, the seat of the 
government, and the Diet was abandoned to the enemy, 
should be removed from the chief command, and his place 
filled by Meszaros. Official letters of the same tenor were 
sent with this document for the commanders of the several 
corps, which Klapka was desired to deliver. 

The commanders of all the corps were assembled in the 
evening at Klapka's quarters. It was then concluded to 
say nothing to Gren. Grdrgey, but call a grand council of 
war the next day, at which this serious question should 
be discussed. The council met. At first there reigned a 
deep silence, which was soon followed by the passionate 
cry," "No, no! Gorgey must remain. We cannot now 
serve under Meszaros !" There was just at this time a 
most unfortunate conjunction of circumstances that after- 
wards brought our ruin in their train. 

First, — Grorgey had but the day before gained a brilliant 
victory over twice his own numbers, commanded by the 
Emperor himself. 

Secondly, — This victory was to be ascribed almost en- 
tirely to his bravery ; for he had conducted in person the 
charge upon the lines that the enemy had already taken. 



OPERATIONS NEAR COMORN. 7 J 

He led in person the great column of cavalry that broke 
the enemy's centre. 

Thirdly, — The hero had been wounded on the day of 
victory. 

Fourthly, — Gen. Meszaros, a most honest patriot, a very 
brave but very unfortunate soldier, had said, as we were 
told by the messenger, on hearing the cannonade before 
Comorn, as the steamboat came to Almas, " that he would 
not be taken to please any one," and handing the letters to 
the staff-officer, forthwith ordered the vessel to turn about. 
These combined circumstances operated so powerfully, that 
it was resolved to serve only under Gorgey, and to send 
him a vote of confidence, which was accordingly presented 
the same day. So was the grave dug for our country. " If 
Kossuth had come himself, — had some other than Meszaros 
been appointed to the chief command, — had the unlucky 
order arrived one day sooner, Gorgey' s fall had been cer- 
tain, and ours might now be one among the nations of the 
earth. 

From this time onward Gorgey paid no further attention 

j to the government, which still called him several times to 

the protection of Pesth. He no longer considered himself 

appointed by the government, but chosen by the officers. 



72 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

None could doubt the reality of his patriotism, for by the 
execution of Count Zichy, he had at the very outset taken 
his stand on revolutionary ground. We believed that these 
little differences with the government would all be settled 
by one great victory. We were bitterly deceived. 

Before he recovered from his wound, Gorgey had devised 
a plan for breaking through the Austrian army, then to 
move towards Croatia, make requisitions of arms there, raise 
the seige of Peterwardein, and either unite with the army 
of the south or with the main army of Dembinsky, if that 
had been forced so far down. The first part of this plan 
was to be executed by Klapka. At eight in the morning 
of the 11th of July, the troops were drawn up in the camp. 
At nine, the 8th corps began their march upon the wood 
of Acs, the 7th upon Puszta-Herkaly, the 3d upon Csem, 
and the 1st upon Mocsa. The fighting, too, soon com- 
menced at all points, and raged without intermission till 
three in the afternoon, without apparent advantage on 
either side. At last the left, and immediately afterwards 
the right of our opponents gave way, and the artillery of 
the centre drew back, when the Russian division Paniutin 
flanked our 3d corps, which was just ready to storm Csem, 
and by a well-directed fire obliged it to retire. Hereupon 



OPERATIONS NEAR COMORN. 73 

Klapka, perhaps mainly because he had not fully agreed 
with Gorgey in regard to this plan, ordered the two wings, 
which were well advanced, to retreat. 

The enemy followed us at a respectful distance to our 
camp, which we reached at nightfall. Taking into view 
the large amount of artillery employed in this long engage- 
ment, the loss was not great, numbering on both sides 
2,000 men. The Austrian troops who fought on the 2d 
of the month took part in this action ; we were some 5 or 
6,000 stronger than them. When Gorgey saw his design 
fail in its inception, he abandoned it, and on the 13th of 
July marched from Comorn down the right bank of the 
Danube towards Pesth. 



74 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 



THE NUMBERS AND SITUATIONS OF THE ARMIES AT THE TIME 
OF THE AUSTRO-RUSSIAN INVASION, AFTER THE DEPARTURE 
OF GORGEY FROM COMORN. 

Of hostile troops : — There were under Haynau on their 

march to the Theiss .-- 90,000 

Paskiewics brought 140,000, which were divided as fol- 
lows: — Under his own command, between Kaschau 

and Pesth, there were 75,000 

In Haynau's army - 25,000 

Under Riidigers and Liiders in Transylvania- - 40,000 140,000 
The Austrian army of the south, under Jellachich, on 

the Lower Danube ------------ 50,000 

The garrison of Karlsburg -- 6,000 

Under Clam in Transylvania --■'.- 14,000 

Under Rukovina in Temesvar --------- 8,000 

The Raitzes, in the Banat and Bacska, under Rajacsics 

and Stratimirovics 40,000 

The Wallachians in Transylvania, and on the eastern bor- 
ders of Hungary, under Jank 30,000 

Li Total 378,000 



NUMBERS AND SITUATIONS OF THE ARMIES. 75 

On the part of the Hungarians: — Klapka had 20,000 
men in Comorn and in the intrenched camp before the 
city ; to these are to be added 7,000 recruits, assem- 
bled on occasion of the last attack made upon the 

besieging forces 27,000 

There were under Colonel Paul Kiss in Peterwardein - 5,000 
Colonel Kazinczy in Munkacs and its neighborhood - - 8,000 

Damjanics in Arad ----- 4,000 

The blockading army at Kalsburg, in Transylvania, un- 
der General Stein 5,000 

The blockading army before Temesvar, under General 

Count Vecsey 7,000 

Under Gorgey, on their march behind the Theiss - - - 26,000 
Under Dembinsky, originally posted from Kata to Szol- 

nok- - - 30,000 

Under Bern in Transylvania 20,000 

Under Vetter, in position from Neusatz to Futak - - 25,000 

Total 157,000 

It must be observed of this number of our forces, that 
not more than one-third had fire-arms ; the rest were fur- 
nished only with pikes or scythes. 



76 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 



SOME ACCOUNT OF THE CLOSING OPERATIONS OF THE HUN- 
GARIAN ARMIES, AND OF THE RESPECTIVE DISSOLUTION OF 
EACH IN THE ORDER IN WHICH IT TOOK PLACE. 

The fate of the different garrisons has already been told, 
and I therefore directly proceed to relate that of the various 
armies. Let the intelligent reader decide in conclusion 
whether we have been conquered by the Czar and his 
vassals, or have rather fallen a sacrifice to ambition, pride, 
and finally to treachery. 



THE HUNGARIAN ARMY OF THE SOUTH UNDER VETTER. 

This army, composed for the most part of the youngest 
troops, fought in the months of March and April under Perc- 
zel, against the insurgent Raitzes. In the taking of G-oz- 
podincze, Pancsova, and especially St. Tomas, they gave 
abundant proof that they were not inferior to older sol- 
diers in zeal and bravery. Owing to the frequent colli- 
sions of Perczel with the officers, he had to be removed, 
and the command of this force was given to General Vet- 



CLOSING OPERATIONS. 77 

ter, who, in the month of July, defeated the Austrian 
southern army under Jellachich, near Szegedin, almost an- 
nihilated his cavalry, and drove back his remaining troops 
at first to Tittel, then to Ruma in Slavonia, and finally to 
Mitrovicz in the military frontiers. 

This battle with Jellachich was one of the bloodiest of 
the whole war. He left seven thousand dead on the field. 
Ten cannons and several thousand prisoners fell into our 
hands. Our loss was two hundred and forty killed and 
wounded. 

The inventive Jellachich devised an excuse also for this 
failure, to satisfy his sweet mistress, the Archduchess 
Sophia. An honest old captain^ was charged with having 
betrayed his plan of operations, and hung — by virtue of 



* After the battle of Tapiobicskc and Isaszeg, a dispatch from 

Jellachich to the court was intercepted, in which he excused his 

retreat on the score of the unhealthiness of the region, which 

made it necessary to withdraw his men. It was the universal 

opinion that the poor victim, in the present instance, had never 

been in a condition that would enable him to betray the senseless 

plans of his general. 

7# 



78 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOE, FREEDOM. 

poetic license. The good understanding between the Ban 
and his mistress was thereupon restored. 

Shortly after this battle the army was joined by the divi- 
sion of Kmety, which was cut off from the seventh corps 
cfrarmee, by the occupation of Raab in June. Thus in- 
creased, they soon received orders from Dembinsky to unite 
with the main army, that had meantime marched quite 
down to Szegedin. They proceeded thither, but under 
General Guyoii's conduct. Vetter had disappeared. I 
myself asked hundreds of those who afterwards reached 
Comorn from the lower army, what had become of him. 
Every man lamented him, many a tear started at mention 
of his name, but none could tell, though all suspected, 
what had been his end. The Camarilla has sent few 
abler men to a better world.* 



* It is proper for me here to remark, that my statement that 
"the Austrian Camarilla holds no means too wicked or too 
base," rests upon facts. For example — On the 2d of September 
an assassin was sent to Romow, to hasten Gen. Klapka's passage 
to eternity. He was fortunately detected when on the point of 
executing the accursed deed, and was shot the same day. Before 
his execution he disclosed the fact that there was another hind 



THE ARMY IN TRANSYLVANIA. 79 



THE ARMY IN TRANSYLVANIA UNDER BEM. 

Just at the time when the Hungarian government was 
developing its whole force and energies to present a firm 
resistance to the Austrian invasion, and to suppress the 
insurrection of the Raitzes and Serbs which had broken 
out into fearful excesses in the south, new difficulties arose. 
The military command, and the Saxons and "Wallachians 
of Transylvania, took their stand in opposition to the Hun- 
garian ministry ; the small number of Hungarian troops 
stationed there were driven out of the land by a superior 
force, and that whole country, with the exception of the 
small district of the Szeklers, who had but too soon to 
humble themselves, lost to Hungary. It was determined, 
however, not to give it up till the utmost efforts had been 
made for its recovery. The expelled troops, numbering 
between five and six thousand, were re-assembled. The 

for the same purpose, who would shortly make his appearance in 
the uniform of a hussar of Gorgey's army. Klapka escaped, for 
he was on his guard. Would that poor Vetter could also have 
been warned ! 



80 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

command of these was conferred upon Gen. Bern, who 
had fled from "Vienna, and was now healed of the wound 
he had received there from a fellow-countryman. 

Bern soon restored this army, which was much demor- 
alized, to a condition that would inspire respect ; and at 
the end of three weeks had made it ready to begin offen- 
sive operations upon Transylvania, where there were at 
that time opposed to him from thirty to forty thousand 
Wallachians, and fourteen thousand Austrian regulars. 
In spite of this great superiority of opposing numbers, he 
very soon took the chief city. Partly by slight engage- 
ments, partly by the moral influence of his name, which 
was everywhere felt, and partly by his kind treatment of 
the people, he almost wholly suppressed the Wallachian 
insurrection. By means of several victorious actions, he 
also restored the communication with the Szeklers, who 
dwell quite in a different part of the country. With his 
force increased by recruits from this people and others to 
the number of 20,000, Bern marched at first against Gen- 
eral Gedeon, who stood with six thousand Austrians and 
those Wallachians who were not yet pacified, about Besz- 
tercze. This last named general, after suffering various 
losses, was driven out of Transylvania by the Burgo pass 



THE ARMY IN TRANSYLVANIA. 81 

into Bukowina, and entirely cut off from the main body 
of the army. 

Puchner, who was in the Saxon district with eight thou- 
sand men, and who had undoubtedly received powers from 
the Austro-Russian government to this end, now called 
for aid upon the Russian general, Liiders, who was sta- 
tioned in Wallachia. For the sake of appearances, how- 
ever, he made the request ostensibly on his own responsi- 
bility. Liiders immediately dispatched ten thousand men 
under General Scariatin to his assistance. Nothing 
daunted by this circumstance, our Bern pushed forward, 
and after having beaten the combined Austro-Russian 
forces five several times, carried Hermanstadt by storm, 
and soon after Kronstadt, the two main supports of the 
reaction. In an incredibly brief period, he drove the army 
itself through the Temeser pass into Wallachia. With the 
exception of the garrison of Klausenburg, and a few thou- 
sands of Wallachians who had retired to the mountains in 
small divisions under the conduct of the partisan Jank, 
Transylvania was now entirely cleared of enemies, and 
held by an army twenty thousand strong, accustomed to 
victory and commanded by one of the ablest generals of 
the present day. 



H2 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

But, alas ! this army was not able to contend success- 
fully with the forty thousand Russians, the fourteen thou- 
sand Austrians, who approached on three different sides in 
the month of June, and the new insurrection of thirty 
thousand well-armed Wallachians. It became demoral- 
ized by the influence of Austrian and Russian gold, to 
which many of the Szeklers, our best soldiers, yielded, so 
that Bern lost four successive battles, together with his 
w r ar materiel. The army which but a short time previous 
had been the terror of Russians and Austrians, was 
utterly dispersed before the breaking up of that of Dem- 
binsky. 

After this unfortunate issue of the campaign, Bern, 
attended only by his adjutant, hastened to Hungary, to 
undertake the charge of new posts there committed to 
him by the government. 



HUNGARIAN ARMY UNDER DEMBINSKY. 83 



VI. 



THE HUNGARIAN MAIN ARMY UNDER DEMBINSKY. 

This body was composed of troops newly raised in the 
months of April and May, 1849, and of the Polish legion, 
for the purpose of guarding against a new invasion from 
G-allicia. # It numbered, in the beginning, 12,000, and 
was commanded by Dembinsky, who, however, resigned 
at the end of May, because the government would not 
approve his plan of an irruption into G-allicia. His suc- 
cessor, Gen. Wisocky, was not long able to hold out against 



* The number of Poles who took part in our revolution is 
very generally estimated too high. I am the more desirous to 
correct this error, because many individuals, and even the Aus- 
trian and Russian governments themselves, excuse the Russian 
intervention on the ground that our struggle for independence 
was a Magyar-Polish revolution. The truth is, that there were 
at the most not more than between two and three thousand Poles 
in our service. They were divided as follows : 



84 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

the Russians, and by the end of June was obliged to give 
up his position, and, constantly harassed by the Cossacks, 
to move down towards Pesth, in order if possible to protect 
the capital. On reaching Szolnok, he was joined by 
Perczel's reserve of 14,000 men, and, after the evacuation 
of Pesth in the middle of July, by the troops who had been 
in that city, to the number of 4,000. 

Notwithstanding the want of confidence generally ex- 
pressed by the corps of officers, during the campaign of the 
previous winter, Kossuth still rested /ris boldest hopes on 
Dembinsky, and committed the unpardonable error of re- 
storing the chief command of this army, now 30,000 strong, 

Infantry under Wisocky --------- 800 

The same under Bulharym 400 

Artillery under Major Rembowsky 120 

Jagers under Prince Woroneczky ------ 300 

Four squadrons of Uhlans under Thornitzky - - 600 

Scattered through the armies, at the largest estimate 300 

2,520 
To these may be added such prisoners from the Austrian regi- 
ments as voluntarily took service in the Polish legion in prefer- 
ence to remaining prisoners of war. 



HUNGARIAN ARMY UNDER DEMBINSKY. 85 

to that general. After having fought two unimportant 
battles with the Russians, in the neighborhood of Szolnok, 
on hearing that G-orgey was retreating on the mountain 
road, he marched down behind the Theiss to Szegedin, 
where, meanwhile, the government and Diet had established 
themselves.* The army was here further increased by 
10,000 troops hastily raised ; the entire army of the South, 
numbering 25,000, as already mentioned, was there incor- 
porated with it. In a week the city itself was transformed, 
by the labors of 100,000 hands, into a strong, tenable po- 
sition. But, notwithstanding the fortifications, and although 
his front was covered by the Theiss, his right by the 
Marosch, his left flank guarded by Peterwardein, and his 
rear by the army, which he must have supposed in good 
condition, in Transylvania, as well as by the blockading 
forces of Temesvar, and although he had between 60 and 
70,000 men at his disposal, Dembinsky declared himself 

* During the two successive days when Gorgey was fighting 

near Waitzen, Dembinsky was at Kolta and could easily have 

sent or been called upon for assistance. The dissensions and 

jealousies of these two leaders prevented either from asking or 

giving. 

8 



86 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

unable to hold his ground when Haynau approached, and, 
after a short engagement with artillery, gave up not only 
his immediate position, but the whole line of the Theiss and 
the Marosch. The large supplies of provisions and mu- 
nitions of war in the city, which the government, occupied 
in providing for its own safety, could take no speedy meas- 
ures for securing, fell into the hands of the enemy. 

Haynau made immediate use of the advantages that had 
been thrown into his hands, threw a bridge over the river 
at Szegedin, and pursued Dembinsky in all haste. A de- 
cisive battle was fought between the two parties before Te- 
mesvar. At first it inclined in our favor, the enemy were 
repulsed and driven in hot pursuit almost to G-reat Becs- 
kerek. But, meanwhile, our ammunition was all spent, 
so that when the Austrian cavalry under General Prince 
Lichtenstein, who had come around upon Dembinsky's left 
flank, appeared on the field, and the discharge of artillery 
began, no fire could be returned from the Hungarian side. 
Our army was now repulsed in turn and closely pursued, 
falling into such utter confusion, in the course of the rapid 
retreat, that order could not possibly be again restored. 

Owing to the loss of this battle, the siege of Temesvar, 
which fortress could have held out but two or three days 



HUNGARIAN ARMY UNDER DEMB1NSKY. 87 

longer, had to be raised. The besieging force was quite too 
small to risk a battle with the Austrian army that was 
approaching to the relief of the garrison. Dembinsky's 
troops, who might have rallied at this place, fled by on the 
right and left. The smaller party went towards Orsova, 
and afterwards reached Turkey. The larger number pro- 
ceeded to Lugos. ! Here they soon learned of the treachery 
of G-orgey, the resignation of Kossuth, and the dissolution of 
the Diet and ministry. 1 Taking no further care of the 
bank-note press, the supplies of clothing and munitions 
of war, and the whole artillery, they dispersed entirely, each 
individual choosing what seemed to him his safest course. 
A few small bodies remained united under Gruyon and 
Kmety. 

"When Bern, who had been called by Kossuth to take 
command of the two armies of Grorgey and Dembinsky, 
arrived at Lugos, he found only the little divisions just 
mentioned in order. But their noble commanders declared 
that even these could not be relied upon, being totally 
demoralized by the treachery of G-orgey. 

Besides the hasty desertion of Szegedin, which bore the 
air almost of treason, and by which, in addition to all other 
disadvantages, the taking of Temesvar was frustrated, and 



88 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

the criminal neglect to care for the ammunition, there 
are still stronger grounds for suspecting Dembinsky either 
of extreme stupidity or of bad intentions. They he in 
the circumstance that, instead of proceeding, as he had 
been distinctly ordered to do, towards Arad, which was in 
our hands, he retreated from Szegedin directly towards 
Temesvar, and so destroyed the possibility of a union of 
the two armies, which otherwise might, perhaps, have 
taken place, in spite of Grorgey's intentions. 



ARMY UNDER GORGEY, ETC. 89 



VII. 

THE ARMY OF GORGEY, AND THE CORPS d'aRMEE OF STEIN, 
COUNT VECSEY, AND KAZINCZY. 

When G-orgey, after the battle of the 11th of July, 
became sufficiently convinced that the attempt, which 
he had designed simply for the sake of not uniting with 
Dembinsky, to break through the Austrian army on the 
right bank of the Danube could not be executed, he 
marched from Comorn down the left bank on the 13th 
of the. same month. His army numbered 26,000 men, 
divided into three corps oVarmee, under Generals Nagy- 
Sandor, Count Leiningen, and Poltenberg. They were the 
choicest troops of Hungary, the heroes of Szolnok, Tapio- 
bicske, Isaszeg, Nagy-Sarlo, Comorn, and Ofen ; they were 
provided with seven regiments of hussars, mostly veterans, 
and with 149 cannon excellently served. The resolution, 
bravery, and perseverance of these troops were so distin- 
guished, that an issue in their favor might be confidently 

looked for in an encounter with three times their number. 

8* 



90 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

The third corps, which, in thirty actions, had never once 
been defeated, was alone equal to a contest with all the 
Austrian armies. Gorgey had therefore only to keep in the 
lawful path of his duty, and maintain this glorious spirit 
in his troops ; so he might have stood invincible against 
the Colossus of the North. But a rumor was spread 
through the army by his creatures, acting under his orders, 
that they were not strong enough to hold out against the 
Russians. This circumstance, and the fact, which at last 
became generally known, that the general had refused 
obedience to his legitimate government, undermined by 
degrees the sound principles of this admirable army, and 
the demoralization now increased with astonishing ra- 
pidity. 

On the 15th of July, Gorgey, with two corps, arrived be- 
fore Waitzen, which was held by the Russian division of Kru- 
low. After the first attack, the Russians left the town, and 
marched out to the heights lying towards Pesth. The fight 
was there prolonged till evening, with no especial advan- 
tages on our side, except that the hostile centre and right 
wing were forced to yield some ground, and lost a part of 
their supplies of ammunition. On the 16th there was 
merely an engagement with artillery, without the least 



ARMY UNDER GORGE Y, ETC. 91 

advantage to us. At evening Gorgey issued orders to begin 
the march during the night on the mountain road, in order 
to reach the line of the Theiss. In pursuance of these 
orders the troops moved at midnight in perfect silence ; but 
the great number of baggage-wagons hindered the march 
so much, that at four in the morning the rear-guard 
with many wagons, was still in Waitzen. The Russians 
observed the retreat of the main army, made an attack at 
the hour just mentioned, dispersed several divisions of the 
rear-guard, and seized all the baggage of the two corps, 
together with some dismounted cannons. When Gorgey 
heard of this he sent back several divisions to the assistance 
of the rear, who, at six o'clock, again expelled the Russians 
from the town, where they were begmning to commit fear- 
ful excesses.^ He then continued his course towards the 



* To give the public of this country some idea of the character 
of these Russians, I must introduce here an occurrence that took 
place on this occasion. The citizens had taken a very active part 
in the first expulsion of the Russians. When therefore the 
latter re-entered the city, they immediately began to plunder and 
destroy. Count Zichy, a canon of the cathedral at Waitzen, 
when he heard of their proceedings, put on his robes and his 



92 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

mountains, past Retsag, Balassa-Gyarmath, Losoncz, Rima- 
Szombath, Rima-Szecs, Putnok, Zsolcza, Szerencs, and by 
Tokay over the Theiss. He was closely followed by the 
Russians, .and had a skirmish with their Cossacks at al- 
most every station. The first visible negotiator between 
them and himself appeared at Rima-Szombath in the person 
of a nephew of Gen. Riidiger, who brought him a present 
of Russian arms, and at the same time desired to conclude 
an armistice of twenty-four hours. G-orgey accepted the 
gift, and returned the courtesy with some articles of his own 
arms. He could not, however, at this time have decided on 
his treasonable course, for he refused to assent to the pro- 



golden cross, for the sake of imposing upon their superstitious 
natures. A large company of the invaders, with an officer among 
them, soon presented themselves at the canon's door. As they 
were rushing in, he met them with gravity and distributed his 
blessing, after the Catholic manner, in lavish abundance upon the 
unbidden guests. At first they were astounded, and then sank 
upon their knees. At the close of the ceremony they arose, 
respectfully kissed the priestly hands, and then — commenced 
their plundering, with which they were so thorough, that they 
did not leave the canon a change of linen. 



THE ARMY UNDER GORGE Y, ETC. 93 

posed armistice, which had no other object than to give an 
advance of twenty-four hours to the main body of the Rus- 
sians, who were moving upon the direct road from Pesth to 
Miskolcz, so that they might the more certainly shut him 
up in the mountain-pass. 

But this vacillation in Grorgey's treasonable purposes was 
of short duration. At the next station he removed the chief 
of his general-staff, and substituted his own brother, Lieu- 
tenant-colonel Armin G-orgey, that he might the better work 
in secret. He intentionally and rapidly weakened the physical 
and moral soundness of his forces by extraordinary marches, 
by frequent parleys with the enemy, by discouraging re- 
ports, and by all kinds of deprivations. All discipline was 
soon destroyed. Hundreds were left to die on the road ; 
other hundreds were allowed to desert. The demoraliza- 
tion had gone so far, that at Putnok he ventured to speak 
openly and with impunity of a surrender to the Russians. 
At Zsolcza the troops became fully aware of his designs ; 
for while they were exposed to the enemy's fire through the 
day, he stayed in the village playing at makao with some 
of his creatures. When an adjutant came dashing in to ask 
for further commands, he was coolly answered that " the 
dispositions were already made." 



94 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

Just at this time an aunt of Gorgey was apprehended at 
Szikszo, where the first corps oVarmee then was, who was 
carrying letters from him to Field-marshal Paskiewicz, of a 
tenor that left no further doubt as to his purpose of surren- 
der. General Nagy-Sandor sent these letters by special 
carriers in all haste to the government, and added a full 
account of the whole state of affairs. Thereupon Kossuth 
appointed a meeting for conference with Gorgey at Czibak- 
haza. The latter did not accept the invitation, but marched 
from Tokay in two columns — with the first corps towards 
Debreczin, with the third and seventh to Vamospercz and 
Gross-Wardein. 

The first corps was attacked about noon at Debreczin by 
the main Russian army and defeated.^ The action lasted 



* The Hungarian commander was that General Nagy-Sandor, 
who declared in a council of war at Comorn, when Gorgey would 
not obey the orders of the government, " that whoever aimed at 
a military dictatorship, would find in him a Brutus." This say- 
ing, and the fact that the first corps were mostly warm patriots 
and least fitted to his criminal purposes, made Gorgey so hostile 
to these brave troops, that he desired to bring about their entire 
destruction. And he nearly succeeded in effecting it. From 



THE ARMY UNDER GORGEY, ETC. 95 

till evening. Meanwhile G-orgey was at Vamospercz with 
the other two corps, at the furthest a distance of not more 
than two hours march from the field of battle, but did not 
come to the assistance of the first corps, who owed their 
escape from total destruction only to the darkness.^ 

Not remaining at Gross- Wardein, where he added some 
new troops to his army, G-orgey proceeded to Arad. From 
here he made, pro forma, a reconnoissance towards Temes- 
var — but only pro forma ! Instead of destroying the Aus- 
trian army in the neighborhood of Yinga, which he could 
have easily done, he contented himself with firing a few 

being exposed to almost all the assaults attendant upon the re- 
treat, and being left to fight unaided at Debreczin, they were so 
reduced, that of the 9,600 men who marched from Comorn but 
4,000 reached Gross- Wardein. 

* Gorgey was well aware that Nagy-Sandor would be attacked 
that day. He said to his staff the preceding evening : " To-mor- 
row Nagy-Sandor will get a dressing." And yet he took no 
measures to protect him from this " dressing." Such expressions 
were afterwards told by his inferior tools when they found that 
they also were betrayed. " Wicks," the expression used by Gor- 
gey, and here translated dressing, is a low word used by the vul- 
gar instead of " schlage ," blows, — Tr, 



/ 



96 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

cannon, and then without the least necessity, even leaving 
Ujarad to the enemy, crossed the Maros and returned to Old 
Arad. Soon after this, Kossuth, who measured others by 
the standard of his own honor, and in spite of what had 
happened still doubted Grorgey's villainy, attributing the 
steps he had taken simply to his ambition and fondness for 
the highest dignity, resigned in his favor the dictatorship 
conferred upon himself by twelve millions of his country- 
men. His hope was to satisfy Grorgey's ambition, and thus 
save the country. How dreadful was the error ! By this 
act, Arad, an eminently patriotic city, whose spirited in- 
habitants had never swerved from their faith while exposed 
for nearly a year to the storm of bombs and balls hurled 
among them from the hostile fortress in their midst, became, 
by the mockery of fate, the burial-place of Hungarian — per- 
haps of European freedom. In less than two months after 
Kossuth's resignation, thirteen of our generals, among the 
foremost champions of freedom, were murdered there by the 
butchers of Hapsburg. 

When G-orgey finally gained possession of the high of- 
fice he had so long desired to hold, he must have been 
thoroughly entangled in the nets of the enemy ; for even 
the attainment of his desire could no longer withhold him 



THE ARMY UNDER GORGE Y, ETC. 97 

from sacrificing his country. He now rapidly approached 
the consummation of his treason. By means of his subser- 
vient tools he busily spread abroad the idea that he could 
not possibly hold out any longer, and that the Duke of 
Leuchtenberg, who had fully guaranteed the constitution of 
1848, would be placed, by the help of the Russians, on the 
Hungarian throne. He dispatched orders to all the armies 
and garrisons to yield to the Russians on the same con- 
ditions as those which he accepted for himself. He then 
left Arad and maneuvered hither and thither until the 
13th of August, when he surrendered to the Russians, whom 
he had daily apprized of his movements, that they might 
inclose his army, of which, in spite of its corrupted condition, 
he stood in fear. 

He had, on the 11th of the month, at Vilagos, obtained 
a promise from all the commanders under him to act with 
him, on a pretense that they should unite with the Russians 
against Austria. The actual surrender took place at Boros 
Jeno close by Yilagos.^ 

* The following account of Gorgey's surrender is here inserted, 
not only for its interest as a story of the catastrophe of the revo- 
lution, but because it corroborates some statements in the text 



98 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

The remnants of Stein's corps — he himself made good his 
escape to Turkey — and the corps of Gen. Count Vecsey and 

regarding the kind treatment our men received at the hands of 
the Russians. The witness in the case is an Austrian officer, 
who furnished the facts to the AUgemeine Zeitung. The trans- 
lation below first appeared in the New York Tribune. 

"The hot sun of August 13th, shone with his piercing rays on 
the parched and silent ranks of the insurgents, whose army was 
drawn up in two solid columns, on each side of the Szollos road. 
Groups of officers stood before their battalions, gloomily talking 
with each other. Staff-officers in their splendid uniforms rode up 
and down, occasionally speaking a word of encouragement to the 
faint-hearted; for the usual noisy gayety so peculiar to the Ma- 
gyars had given place to the most painful depression. ' Must it 
be carried so far with us V was the despairing cry that arose on 
every side. Curses, such as no one can command but a Magyar 
in trouble, resounded from the closed ranks. Wherever the eye 
turned, there was lamentation and despair. It seemed like a vast 
field of death. 

" Here were seen the wild features of the ' Prince of Prussia' 
regiment, soldiers alike fearless in war and reckless in peace, 
the consolidated battalions called ' Alexander,' ' Schwarzen- 
berg,' ' Franz Carl,' ' Don Miguel,' ' Vasa." Few of those who 



THE ARMY UNDER GORGEY, ETC. 99 

of Col. Kazinczy quickly followed Grorgey's example. These 
commanders received the report of co-operation with the 

had broken their oath to their Emperor were present to see the 
victory of the avenging double-headed Eagle. On the bloody 
battle-fields of Hungary, on the shores of the Danube and the 
Waag, most of them had found their graves. As the flower of 
Gorgey's army, they were chosen to meet the first shock, and to 
fight the hardest battle in all cases. Here, as in every hotly-con- 
tested battle, the two rivals in bravery, the ' bosom children' of 
Damjanics and Foldvarg, the third and ninth Honved battalions, 
stood close together. These, the so-called ' Redcaps,' formed the 
elite of the Honveds. They understood only one command — 
'Elore,' forward, and their wild battle-cry, 'Eljen a Magyar,' 
which they cheerily sounded forth in the thick gunpowder smoke, 
often produced panic and confusion. ' Third and ninth battalion 
Elore !' — this cry was heard where the deeds of the most terrific 
danger were to be performed; a third part, perhaps one-half, 
fell ; but the point was carried. 

" The hussars, leaning on their jaded, skeleton-looking horses, 
seemed to exchange with them one last mute word, and to bid 
them a final farewell. ' I must leave you and go on foot like a 
dog,' they murmured in the ear of their trusty companions. The 
greater part regarded this as a misfortune to break their hearts. 



100 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

Russians, and the express order of Gorgey to yield on the 
same conditions as had been granted to himself, with such 



They would prefer exposing themselves to the greatest dangers. 
They cast off their laced dolmans in which they took such pride, 
and bursting through the military shell, tore the saddles from 
their horses, and rushed off at full gallop, in order to become 
again what they were before, ' the wild Csikos (horse-tamer) of 
the boundless Puszta. Here was the brave regiment of the Fer- 
dinand Hussars, with the old war-wolf their Colonel at their 
head. It was he who at the council of war at Vilagos most 
strenuously opposed the surrender. When he was outvoted, in 
his rage he threw his heavy sabre rattling at the feet of Gorgey, 
so that the hall resounded with the noise. Within the gloomy 
walls of Arad he may well expect in sadness the fearful fate 
which he anticipated. 

" At a little on one side of the main road, a stone bridge leads 
over a small mountain-stream, which falling on the wheels of the 
neighboring mill, loses itself in the surrounding meadows. The 
large yard of this mill was at this moment crowded full with all 
sorts of vehicles. 

" There stood in promiscuous confusion the splendid four- 
horse chariot of the minister, and the worn-out, one-horse market- 
cart; the large, heavy baggage-wagon, with the light private 



THE ARMY UNDER GORGE Y, ETC. 101 

blind heedless belief, that they even marched to meet the 
enemy, and lay down their arms before them, without once 



carriage of the officers in endless variety. From the tops which 
protected against the sun, looked out with eager curiosity, the 
fiery eyes of the fair occupants. In spite of the strict regula- 
tions, threats, and even punishments, an innumerable crowd of 
women of every description followed the Magyar army, con- 
tributing in.no small degree to the demoralization of the soldiers. 
As soon as it came to a retreat, what confusion did they not 
occasion 1 ? Then was there a panic, a shrieking, a flying about, 
as if the enemy had nothing to think of but their beautiful per- 
sons. Bern suffered so much from this grievance in Transyl- 
vania, that he would often cry out in comic despair, 'I have 
indeed commanded a larger army, bnt never so many women.' 

" After I had wound my way along, with a great deal of 
trouble, I reached a small straw-roofed building, the only inn in 
the place. 

" As soon as I entered I saw the Chief Commandant and Gor- 

gey, the Hungarian Dictator for the last 48 hours. He was 

dressed in his simple but romantic costume, which differed very 

much from that of the general-staff who stood round him. In 

a light-brown blouse, with a golden collar, riding-boots reaching 

far above the knee, a round black hat surmounted with a waving 

9=* 



102 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

inquiring into the nature of the pretended conditions of sur- 
render. Avenging Nemesis punished their incautious haste. 

white feather, he was joking with a pretty young girl, into whose 
ear he whispered flattering nonsense. I was astonished : a few 
minutes before the catastrophe effected by him which decided the 
fate of Hungary, surrounded by men whose dark visages wore 
the impression of the deepest despair, could this man, serenely 
smiling, be exchanging gallantries with a frivolous girl ! Was 
this a forced cheerfulness, or the repose of a pure conscience ? 
Who can decide 1 

" The general-staff floated around him, their splendor and 
magnificence recalling the times of Hunyady and Zriny. Every 
one was dressed in his most elegant uniform as if for a festival. 
The sun-burnt, youthful, thin figures in short Attilas with heavy 
gold trimmings, hats with waving feathers on their heads, mounted 
on fiery horses, galloping to and fro, formed a group as warlike 
as the fancy of a painter could describe. 

" In the midst of this a general commotion took place. Gorgey 
had thrown himself on his horse, and after him his whole glitter- 
ing suite. It was the last act which was to conclude the grand 
drama of the Magyar war. The splendid cavalcade had placed 
itself in motion; the bridge, unaccustomed to such a burden, 
groaned under the hoofs of the proudly-prancing horses, while 



THE ARMY UNDER GORGEY, ETC. 103 

Vecsey, although his father had saved the life of the Em- 
peror Francis, in the French campaign, and was at that 

the eye followed the historical procession with astonishment and 
dismay. 

" When Gorgey, after the transactions were closed at Vilagos, 
went into the midst of the army and declared, ' that he no longer 
felt it in his power to defend the army, but if any was found 
willing to assume the command he would gladly yield it to him,' 
there wa3 was hut one man ready for the proposal. This was a 
gray-haired captain of the Hussars, who sprang forward, and, the 
tears which he never knew before falling on his grizzled beard, 
cried out, ' It was his wish and that of his comrades to cut their 
way through, and this must be the feeling of the whole army.' 
Gorgey spoke to him privately and drily remarked, ' That it was 
no time to joke, and there were balls enough to crush any mu- 
tiny.' 

" Only a soldier's heart can comprehend the feeling with which 
a man is parted from his arms. Many seemed torn in pieces in 
helpless agony, others wept as they kissed the cold steel, while a 
great number shrieked out with rage to be led against the enemy, 
and not to be subjected to this disgrace. I saw how officers and 
men threw themselves into each other's arms, and, sobbing, bid 
each other farewell. But in other places they raved against the 



104 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

time an Austrian general of cavalry and captain of the 
noble body-guard, was hung like a felon ; Kazinczy was 
shot. 



officers and accused them of selfishness. No pen can describe 
the woe, the despair, which prevailed among the Hussars. He, 
who felt so much at home on his horse, was now to be dis- 
mounted and creep along on foot like the meanest 'Baka.' 
Many shot their horses ; and they who would have lost a limb 
without a groan, sobbed like children. 

" During these scenes, Gorgey rode round, proud and immove- 
able as a marble statue of Mars, and it was only now and then 
that his ringing, metallic voice was heard exhorting them to 
make haste. 

" Meanwhile, the twilight shadows began to fall on the broad 
fields, and heightened the gloom of the transaction. The poor 
victims of the war had thrown themselves on the grass, now wet 
with evening dew ; near them were their arms piled in pyramids, 
the flag in the centre, as if it were the grisly skeleton of those 
battalions, whose ranks had shown so much courage and expe- 
rienced so many sacrifices. 

" But their rest was not of long duration. The Russian escort 
came galloping up, and, accompanied by them, the Magyars were 
obliged the same day to start one stage towards Zarand. This 



THE ARMY UNDER GORGEY, ETC. 105 

After these deplorable acts of surrender on all sides, 
which some troops endeavored to stand out against, but 
vainly — for they were, so to speak, hermetically closed in 

is the ' guard of honor,' I heard called out in their ranks. The 
march, under the Russian escort, from Szollos to Sarkad lasted 
no less than eight days. Whoever during this time should have 
accidentally fallen upon the ruins of the Hungarian army, would 
have taken it for one of the motley caravans of the Arabian 
desert. The sun poured down his hottest rays on the sandy 
plains, over which moved an endless throng of carriages, horse- 
men, and foot-travelers, in the wildest confusion. Every mo- 
ment the procession stopped, when all began to quarrel, curse, 
scream, and, for a change, to fisticuff each other. If the roads 
had been wider, or if the adjacent fields had afforded a tolerably 
convenient path, the maddest spectacle that can be imagined 
would have been exhibited. Every one who was not assigned to 
some special post was obliged to get on the best way he could, 
and, a general race commencing, there was no lack of petty mis- 
eries and comic scenes. 

" I could not but be surprised at the imperturbable equanimity 
and quietness of the Russian escort. Nothing could extort from 
them a smile or the slightest emotion ; they moved on in as cold 
and measured a manner as if they had been on a parade at their 



106 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

by the Russians — Gorgey remained at the head-quarters of 
Field-marshal Paskiewics, where he was treated with great 
honor, and received daily visits from the Duke himself. 
His officers had their side-arms restored to them, and so 
long as they were in the hands of the Russians, were honor- 
own wintry home. The flying Cossacks were an exception. 
They soon made friends with the few Hussars who were still on 
horseback, who made themselves very merry at their mode of 
riding, gave them good advice in regard to this, and took them 
under their fatherly care. 

"During the eight days' captivity, the Honved officers were 
treated as comrades and in the most friendly manner by the 
Russians. The higher officers eat at the same table, and small 
sums were paid out as traveling expenses. The effect of this 
was to inspire many with the highest hopes. But, as day after 
day passed, and they were neither summoned to enter into the 
Russian service, nor Prince Leuchtenberg or the High Prince 
Constantine was crowned as King of Hungary, by degrees, before 
the hard reality, burst the glittering soap-bubbles which floated 
before their imagination. In a few days the Magyar army was 
transported from Sarkad to Gyula, with the immense number of 
those compromised in the political movement, and there delivered 
over to the Imperial Austrian troops." 



THE ARMY UNDER GORGEY, ETC. 107 

ably dealt with. They were, however, soon turned over to 
the barbarous Austrians, and learned the bitter lesson how 
an ignoble and inhuman enemy treats, as prisoners of war, 
those from whom they always fled in the field. * Men and 
officers were robbed of whatever they possessed. Their 
physical wants were unattended to. On the slightest prov- 
ocation they were beaten. Finally, without regard to their 
previous rank, they were forced to enter the Austrian ser- 
vice as privates. The wealthy, on the most shameless pre- 
texts, were either hung or shot, that the sunken state of 
Austrian finances might receive a temporary revival from 
the confiscation of their estates. f — But wait, House of 

* At the end of May, 1849, we had two generals, fourteen 
hundred superior and staff officers, and thirty thousand privates, 
Austrians, prisoners of war. They were distributed in the vari- 
ous cities of the land, their personal liberty was allowed them, 
and the same pay that was given to the Hungarian army in time 
of peace. We have had sufficient experience at the close of our 
struggle of how Austria requited this magnanimity. 

* The inhuman conduct of Austria roused the indignation even 
of the Russians to such a degree, that they everywhere furnished 
all the aid in their power to our unhappy countrymen. They 
furnished them with food ; they brought baggage-wagons full of 



108 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

Hapsburg ! thou thyself hast taught us how to deal with 
thee. The hour may soon strike when thy accursed raven- 
brood, an insufficient sacrifice to the manes of the innocent 
men thou art now murdering, shall be cut off from the face 
of the earth which thou burdenest, the shame and abomi- 
nation of thy kind. 

Hungarian officers from Arad; to those who were fortunate 
enough to escape, they pointed out the road by which they would 
avoid falling into the hands of the Austrians. One of my com- 
rades now here, Major Fornet, was smuggled over the frontier by 
a Cossack officer. 



COMORN AFTER THE DEPARTURE OF GORGEY. 109 



VIII. 

COMORN AFTER THE DEPARTURE OF THE MAIN ARMY UNDER 
GORGEY. 

After the departure of the main army, besides the 
former garrison, consisting of ten nearly complete battalions 
of infantry, three squadrons of cavalry, and three batteries, 
there remained in Comorn the entire second corps oVarmee, 
under the command of Colonel Kaszonyi, composed of ten 
other battalions of infantry and nine squadrons of Hussars. 
This last corps oVarmee was, however, so diminished by the 
frequent battles and skirmishes in the neighborhood of Co- 
morn, that it numbered scarcely 4,000 men ; and all its 
artillery was carried off by the main army. At the urgent 
demand, however, of Klapka, backed with a threat of re- 
signing his command of the garrison unless it were provided 
with sufficient artillery, Gorgey sent back from the station 
of Batorkeszi fifteen six-pounders, field-pieces without amu- 
nition wagons. 

Klapka now remaining commander-in-chief, both of the 
10 



110 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

troops in the garrison and in the intrenched camp, turned his 
chief attention to the further strengthening of the intrenched 
camp, to the organization and filling up of the various 
corps, and to the raising of as many batteries as possible. 
The construction of fortifications was therefore undertaken 
upon the right bank of the Danube, on the so-called 
" Monostor," the cannons found in the fortress were mount- 
ed on carriages, the ranks of the battalions filled up so far 
as possible from those of the sick and wounded, left behind 
by the main army, and the convalescent, numbering nearly 
4,000, amounting to nearly 5,000, and two additional 
squadrons of Hussars newly formed ; so that on the 22d of 
the same month a well-disciplined force of 20,000 men and 
nine complete batteries were at the disposition of the com- 
mander-in-chief. 

Comorn was at this time besieged by the second Austrian 
corps d'armee under Lieutenant Field-marshal Csorich, who 
had his head-quarters in Acs ; Major-general Pott, who was 
posted on the left bank of the Danube ; Major-general 
Prince Collorredo and Baron Barko on the right bank, and 
by Major-general Fiedler on the Schutt. The Russians 
under Grrabbe, destined to cover the left bank, had not yet 
arrived. 



COMORN AFTER THE DEPARTURE OF GORGEY. Ill 

Thus stood matters in and about the fortress when it was 
observed that, owing to the long stay of the main army at 
Comorn, some of the provisions of the garrison began to fail. 
Klapka therefore resolved to sally out on the right bank to 
procure grain and especially wine from Todis and Almas. 
This plan was successfully executed by Colonel Kosztolanyi, 
with six battalions, four squadrons, and three batteries, on 
the 24th of July, who brought back, besides the desired 
supplies, several loaded baggage-wagons, an Austrian dili- 
gence with money, together with eleven officers and the 
entire detachment of infantry at Todis as prisoners. 

Just at this time reports came in from our spies, that 
the men of Gorgey's rear-guard, which had been partly 
dispersed, were collecting in the mountain of Maros, and 
that many of them had already approached as far as St. 
Peter, a small station of Comorn, on their way if possible to 
reach the fortress. To meet these new-comers and escort 
them in, a second expedition was undertaken early on the 
morning of the 30th of July, under the personal conduct 
of Klapka himself. The forces were divided into four 
columns of three battalions, one division of cavalry, and two 
batteries each. The first column operated in the Schiitt 
towards Aranyos, the second attacked Kurta-keszi, the 



112 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

third Heteny, the fourth O-Gyalla at the same time. The 
enemy nowhere maintained their ground, and only offered a 
weak resistance for a quarter of an hour on the heights of 
St. Peter ; but they were very soon driven from there, and 
pursued till three o'clock in the afternoon beyond Ersek- 
Ujvar. The enemy lost, on this occasion, two full ammu- 
nition-wagons, about 200 killed and wounded, and 500 
prisoners. Our loss, strange to tell, was one officer wound- 
ed, and one horse shot. These two successful sallies only 
increased Gren. Klapka's boldness, and he now determined 
to attack the besieging Austrian army with his whole 
force, and, if his plan were but half successful, to de- 
stroy it. 

The 3d of August was fixed for the execution of this 
design, for which the troops were disposed as follows : — 
Col. Asserman led a column of six battalions, three di- 
visions of hussars, and three foot-batteries, to flank the 
enemy, which broke up from the intrenched camp at mid- 
night, and about four o'clock in the morning stormed 
Almas. The garrison were partly cut down, partly put 
to flight. After a short rest, this column, having left 
a small garrison in Almas and Neszmely, marched against 
Todis, and, finding this place unoccupied, next against 



COMORN AFTER THE DEPARTURE OF GORGEY. 113 

Komlod. At eight o'clock, another column of six battalions 
of infantry, one division of cavalry, and two batteries, ad- 
vanced directly to Mocsa. It appeared before this place 
when the flanking column became visible on the heights of 
Komlod, just behind Mocsa. The garrison of Mocsa, which 
had heard nothing of the action at Almas, fell into no small 
confusion at seeing itself surrounded, and surprised that 
Gen. Aulich was in their rear.* They retreated from 
the village after a short resistance, and endeavored to 
escape into the open country to the left, but, being al- 
ready flanked by Asserman's hussars, they laid down their 
arms. 

Both columns now proceeded on the course marked out 
for them. Asserman moved with his column towards 
JNagy-Igmand, then crossed the Csonczo, and took posses- 
sion, on his march thither, of forty loaded baggage- wagons, 
and 2,700 beef cattle, on their way to the Austro-Russian 
main army. Kosztolanyi advanced against the redoubt 

* The Austrians universally believed that Gen. Aulich was 

operating with a corps d'armee in the vicinity of the Platten See, 

although he was at this very time provisional minister of war, 

and we did not have any troops in that quarter. 

10* 



114 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

of the enemy between Csem and Herkaly, which was 
defended by nine eighte en-pounders. Meantime, the col- 
umn of Schultz, consisting of three battalions of infantry, 
one squadron of cavalry, and one battery, left our in- 
trenched camp, and approached the above-mentioned re- 
doubt in front, while Janik's column of three battalions, 
one howitzer, and one foot-battery, together with one 
division of hussars, manoeuvred. 

"When the great redoubt was turned by the battalions 
of Kosztolanyi's column, Schultz began his attack ; and, 
although it was defended by twenty-one cannons, nine 
of which were eighteen-pounders, and six battalions of 
infantry, it was taken in less than half an hour by two 
weak Honved battalions.^ The enemy, forced from their 
strong position, ran in the utmost disorder towards Acs, 
their last place of refuge. Wald, to the right of Acs, 
having also been stormed by Janik. The retreat of the 
enemy was universal. Flanked on the right and left, 
they were all obliged to crowd over the bridge of Acs, 

* The nearly equal loss of these two battalions is remarkable ; 
of each there were eight killed, and of one thirty-eight, of the 
other forty wounded. 



COMORN AFTER THE DEPARTURE OF GORGEY. 115 

where the confusion was still further increased by the 
arrival, almost at the same time with the enemy, of our 
left flank, under my command. Had Asserman, with 
his flanking column, arrived but a quarter of an hour 
earlier in Acs, the whole army, with the head-quarters, 
would have fallen into our hands ; as it was, however, 
he only came upon their rear, with which he made 
fearful havoc. All such of the enemy as were unable 
to conceal themselves in the corn-fields and vineyards 
that extend for miles around, now hastened to the bridge 
over the Danube, which was guarded by twenty-two 
eighteen-pounders. The approaching darkness favored 
their flight. The fugitives broke down the bridge after 
them, thus delivering into our hands many of their belated 
comrades. At about eleven o'clock at night the roaring 
of cannon ceased, and our troops bivouacked. 

It was not till the next morning that we were enabled to 
comprehend the full extent of the great advantages that we 
had gained, with a very small loss on our side.^ Thousands 
of corpses strewed the field of battle ; we had made 

* Our loss, all told, was only one hundred and thirty dead and 
wounded. 



116 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

about 3,000 prisoners, and captured twenty-seven cannons; 
an enormous supply of provisions intended for the Austro- 
Kussian main army, that formed the cargo of thirty-five 
large vessels on the right shore of the Danube, also fell 
into our possession. On the morning of the fourth, Klapka 
sent forward some troops to G-onyo, where they made 
many more prisoners, and seized all the reserved supplies 
of the Austro-Russian main army, which were the more 
valuable to us as we were wanting seven-pound grenades. 
Another detachment was ordered to the island of Schiitt, 
to prevent the assembling of the enemy there. They 
were, however, so possessed with their panic fear, that, 
at the bare sight of our column, they deserted their strong 
intrenchments, together with twenty-two eighteen-pounders, 
40,000 bombs, and their bridge equipage, and fled in 
confusion to Presburg. The few Austrians who had taken 
refuge in Haab, on the same day, retired from that city, 
which was occupied by our troops on the 5th of August, 
without a single shot fired. Here, again, we found large 
stores of provisions, arms, and clothing, so that, not in- 
cluding the capture of forty-nine pannons, the value of 
Klapka' s booty on this glorious day amounted to nearly six 
millions of guilders, (about $3,000,000.) 



COMORN AFTER THE DEPARTURE OP GORGEY. 117 

Klapka now issued the necessary orders for the security 
of the garrison of Comorn, sent out recruiting commissions 
into the neighboring counties, now wholly freed from the 
enemy, and marched towards Raab with twelve battalions 
of infantry, four divisions of hussars, and six batteries. He 
at the same time commanded four battalions of infantry, 
three squadrons of horse, and two batteries to advance as 
far as Grross-Somerein to cover his flank. His further plan 
of operations was to act with one column against Vienna- 
Neustadt, with the other against Haimburg, to get control 
of the railroads from "Neustadt and Brack, and so if possible 
take Vienna, which was defended by only twelve battalions 
of infantry. The dispositions of the march were made ac- 
cordingly. The advanced guards were to be pushed for- 
ward to Piispoki in the Schutt, the centre to come up to 
Wiselburg, and the left flank to pass Kapuvar. 

At ten o'clock in the evening of the 10th of August, the 
main division was to leave Raab. At noon of the same 
day an official person of high rank, then on his flight, 
brought the information that Dembinsky, almost without a 
blow, had surrendered Szegedin, the seat of government 
and of the Diet, with all the military supplies stored at that 
place, and that his army had been totally defeated a few 



118 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

days after near Lugos ; furthermore, that Bern had lost four 
battles in succession, that Gorgey's rear-guard under Gen. 
Nagy-Sandor was routed near Debreczin, and that Gorgey 
himself had been for some time treating with the Russians. 
This news, and the reports from our scouts which reached 
us the same day, that the Austrian coiys d'armee of Nu- 
gent, the division of Buries, Lederer's brigade, and the 
Russian division under Grabbe,^ were rapidly approaching 
Comorn, forced Klapka to renounce his intended plan, and 
instead of advancing we now retreated to Comorn. Here 
the arrangement and organization of the 7,000 men that 
had been raised in this brief period were pursued with the ut- 
most energy. The Austrian army, which had re-assembled 
at the boundaries and was increased by several regiments, 
followed close upon our traces. So early as the 15th, its 
commander sent us a messenger with a flag of truce to 
request a cessation of hostilities for fourteen days, and at 

* The two first-mentioned bodies of the enemy's troops were 
intended to cover the Austrian army of the south on the bounda- 
ries of Croatia ; Lederer was posted at Sarvar, and Grabbe was 
returning from his pursuit of Gorgey, who had probably already 
concluded his negotiations with the Russians. 



COMORN AFTER THE DEPARTURE OF GORGEY. 119 

the same time called upon us to imitate the example of 
Grorgey, who on the 11th of that month near Vilagos had 
surrendered at discretion. Although this news was not 
entirely unexpected by us, and although the adjutant of the 
Russian Czar who accompanied the flag of truce narrated 
to us the particulars of the whole procedure, we could not 
believe that Grorgey had in the infamous depths of his 
treachery failed to secure the fate of his comrades in arms, 
and had surrendered without any conditions ; for to yield at 
discretion to Austria or Russia is, as the result has painfully 
demonstrated, to deliver one's self up to the executioner. 

We now desired to know with deflniteness regarding this 
matter. It was accordingly resolved, in a council of war, 
to accept the proposed armistice, on condition that the 
Austrian minister of war, who was at that time with the 
besieging army, should furnish passes to two deputations, 
one of which we intended sending to Arad and Transyl- 
vania, the other to Peterwardein and Temesvar. These 
deputations were to inform themselves accurately of the situa- 
tion of affairs, and our further movements were in many 
respects to be guided by their reports. The condition 
was readily assented to on the part of the Austrians, and 
the two deputations, each accompanied by an Austrian 



120 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

officer, were dispatched the very next day on their respec- 
tive missions. In addition to the fulfillment of their osten- 
sible duties, Klapka gave them secret instructions to this 
effect : if on finding that Gorgey had actually yielded, that 
the main army under Dembinsky was dispersed, and the 
government and Diet broken up, a successful continuance of 
the war should seem hopeless, they were to endeavor by 
all means to communicate with Colonel Kazinczy, who 
commanded about 8,000 troops in Marmaroser and Bere- 
gher, and with the commandants of the garrisons of Arad 
and Peterwardein, to urge upon those officers in no case to 
lay down their arms, unless some general concessions favor- 
able to the whole country were first obtained by all the re- 
maining troops and garrisons ; and to assure them that he on 
his part would contribute all his efforts to such an end, and, un- 
der any circumstances, rather hold out to the last man than 
surrender unconditionally. These deputations had scarcely 
left when individuals began to arrive in Comorn, at first 
from Gorgey' s army and afterward from that of Dembinsky, 
of Lazar, of Vecsey, even from Kazinczy, and finally strag- 
glers from the garrison of Arad, forcing upon us the mournful 
truth that all was lost. 

At last our deputations returned. One of them had been 



COMORN AFTER THE DEPARTURE OP GORGEY. 121 

allowed to proceed no further than Arad, which fortress had 
fallen before their arrival ; and that too fell by G-orgey's 
miserable treachery. Persuaded of Damjanics' courage and 
endurance, he had transferred to that garrison only those 
Wallachian battalions that had deserted a hundred times, 
and, as it were, thus forced that heroic commandant to a 
surrender which he also enjoined upon him in his capacity 
as Dictator. This deputation had a conference with Gbrgey, 
who had confirmed the surrender, and was then living at 
his ease in the Russian head-quarters. It was on this oc- 
casion that, in reply to the reproach of the deputy Rutkay, 
" that he was considered a traitor to his country," Gorgey 
returned the answer worthy his infamous nature : "I care 
not what they consider me ; I am not really a Hungarian 
but a Sclave." The second deputation had been in Temes- 
var and spoken with Haynau. They brought a letter from 
that general, in which he advised Klapka, with idle threats 
in case of refusal, to an unconditional surrender of the for- 
tress of Comorn within forty-eight hours. They were not 
permitted to go to Transylvania and Peterwardein, which 
greatly encouraged us, for we were persuaded that this 
fortress was still safe, and that Bern's army was still opera- 

ting in Transylvania ; since otherwise the deputation would 

11 



122 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

have been suffered also to go there. But the fact that we 
no longer had a government or a Diet, together with the 
reports received at this time from our political agents abroad, 
which informed us that we were not to look for aid nor 
intervention from France or England, caused us to ponder 
seriously what still remained to be saved for our poor 
country. Believing that an army still existed in Transyl- 
vania, and that Peterwardein was still unconquered, we 
resolved in a council of war to propose to Austria, in com- 
mon with them, the following terms of capitulation, having 
in view our whole country : 

1. A full amnesty for all political offences. 

2. A general pardon for the surrendering army. 

3. A sanctioning of the Hungarian paper-money. 

These conditions we presented to the Austrian general of 
the ordnance, Count Nugent, who had meantime arrived be- 
fore Comorn with the corps mentioned above, and assumed 
the command-in-chief of the collective troops, amounting to 
about 50,000 men. In reply, he declared that he was not 
empowered to enter into any such agreement, but would 
lay our demands before the Emperor, which he actually 



COMORN AFTER THE DEPARTURE OF GORGEY. 123 

did. No answer was ever returned.* 1 Meanwhile the 
armistice had terminated, and hostilities were just com- 
mencing again, when the discouraging news arrived that 
the army in Transylvania, demoralized by the treason of 
Gorgey, was dispersing, and that Bern, Kossuth, and some 
other generals, with a small remnant of the Hungarian 
forces, had taken refuge in Turkish territory. A few days 
after accounts reached us of the fall of Peterwardein. The 
fate of this fortress was also owing to Gorgey, whose order 
to yield on the same conditions that had been extended to 
himself, caused a dissension in the garrison which resulted 
in its surrender.! 

Alone and without hope of relief, nothing now remained 



* The requests were afterwards presented to the emperor in 
the form of a petition, but still remained unanswered. 

f The unconditional surrender of nearly all the commandants 
is to be mainly ascribed to Gorgey's shameful pretense of exert- 
ing his authority over them in his character of military and civil 
Dictator, summoning them to yield on the same conditions that 
had been granted to himself. They very naturally supposed that 
he had obtained honorable terms, and had no suspicion of the 
deceit practiced upon them till precaution was too late. 



124 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

for the garrison of Gomorn, but either to bury itself heroic- 
ally under the ruins of their fortress, or to save, by an 
honorable military capitulation what could yet be saved for 
those who were within the fortress. For after the fall of 
Peterwardein, the Austrian commander would not listen for 
a moment to any conditions that should have in view the 
country at large. After many debates, the council of war 
accordingly resolved upon the latter course for the following 
reasons : 

1. To alleviate the fate of our captured brethren, and 
to put a stop to the frequent executions, for we were en- 
couraged to believe that all military persecutions (military 
trials) would cease upon the surrender of Comorn. 

2. In order not to expose to utter ruin the city of Comorn, 
with its 20,000 inhabitants, who had already severely suf- 
fered by fire and by the bombardment of the previous 
winter that continued for five weeks. 

3. To save a numerous body of men charged with polit- 
ical offences, who had taken refuge in Comorn. 

4. To relieve the inhabitants of the surrounding country, 
already sufficiently impoverished, from the hardship of 
quartering Ruesian, and still worse, Austrian soldiers. 
Lastly : 



CAPITULATION OF COMORN. 125 

5. To preserve 27,000 brave and zealous soldiers for 
their country and a more auspicious future. 

The terms now proposed to the commander of the be- 
sieging forces, in which, however, Nugent pretended not 
fully to concur, were, with slight modifications, the same as 
the articles of capitulation that follow. But as many of us 
still doubted of the actual fall of Peterwardein, and would 
assent to enter upon no definitive arrangement until they 
Were accurately informed upon that point, Nugent proposed 
that four of our number should proceed on an Austrian 
steamboat to that garrison, and the negotiations be sus- 
pended till their return. 



CAPITULATION OF COMORN. 

In the meantime Nugent was recalled, and Haynau took 
command in person of the besieging corps, of which change 
he informed us in a really handsome letter. In it he in- 
vited Klapka, together with those officers who were most 
prominent in opposing a surrender, to a meeting at such 
time and place as Klapka himself should designate, under 
the escort of a half squadron of cavalry ; and gave his 

word of honor that in this proposal, he had nothing in view 

11* 



126 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

but the best good of Hungary, and of the garrison of Co- 
morn. Upon the receipt of this missive, a council of war 
was held, in which it was determined to accept the invita- 
tion at ten o'clock on the following morning. Klapka, 
however, excused himself from attendance, under pretext 
of indisposition. On the 27th of September, those who 
afterwards signed the articles of capitulation, with an 
escort under the command of Colonel Asserman, proceeded 
to the place of meeting at the enemy's redoubt near Her- 
kaly. They found there a tent pitched, about which 
soldiers in great parade were keeping guard. Haynau ar- 
rived soon after, attended only by his adjutant Susan, and 
received us with so great attention, that we were no longer 
able to believe in the justness of the reputation that had 
preceded him. He bid us be seated with the utmost cour- 
tesy, took his place among us, and in a familiar friendly 
manner set forth to us : that our obstinate resistance could 
no longer benefit our cause, since there was no other Hun- 
garian force to co-operate with us ; that now, when peace 
was restored to all other parts of the monarchy, he could 
assemble before Comorn as many troops and materials for 
besieging as he chose ; that no fortress could hold out for a 
long time against a regular siege, and that, to use his own 



CAPITULATION OF COMORN. 127 

words, he would not say in two, three, four, or six months, 
"but sooner or later he must take Comorn ; that in such case 
we should have to answer for the additional bloodshed — 
which, however, in his opinion was but a secondary matter, 
since God so willed it ; that by this resistance the already 
impoverished land would be still more heavily burdened, 
since Hungary alone should bear the expenses of the siege ; 
finally, that the punishments for political offences would not 
cease until the pacification of Hungary was complete, 
which could not be so long as Comorn remained unsub- 
dued. On this latter point he affirmed three several times, 
that the executions would be at an end immediately on our 
yielding. In conclusion, he encouraged us to rely upon the 
good nature and magnanimity of the youthful emperor, and 
to throw ourselves on his mercy. On our part we frankly 
acknowledged that there was reason in all he said, but so 
long as we had our arms in our hands, we did not need to 
depend on the magnanimity or benevolence of the em- 
peror ; furthermore, that the Austrian dynasty and govern- 
ment had by no means acted towards Hungary in a way to 
inspire confidence ; we would therefore never submit to an 
unconditional surrender, but insist upon the admission and 
fulfillment of our moderate demands. 



128 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

He then inquired what our demands were, and we were 
not a little astonished to hear him meet each point, as it 
was brought forward, with the answer, " that is well, that 
can be granted," when his predecessor, Nugent, had re- 
fused assent to the same terms. He hesitated only in re- 
gard to three points : respecting the amnesty for all persons 
in Comorn, whether of a civil, military, or clerical charac- 
ter ; respecting the assuming the payment of the paper 
money issued by us ; and, lastly, respecting our demand of a 
written guarantee for the observance of the capitulations, 
subscribed by the Emperor of Austria and the Russian 
general Grabbe. The first difficulty was evaded by his 
own proposal to enroll as military all those compromised in 
Comorn, whether civilians or clergy. By this means they 
would be included in the capitulation. Considering the 
occupants of Comorn only as a garrison, he would treat 
with it only by military rules, with political and civil 
affairs generally he would not in the least intermeddle. 
As to cur paper money, he promised to pay us 500,000 
guilders, instead of the 800,000 we had actually raised, and 
hoped that, in consideration of the loss always incurred 
from paper money, we would submit to a little discount. 
"With relation to the guarantee, he would have nothing to 



CAPITULATION OF COMORN, 129 

do. He was, as he expressed himself, civil and mili- 
tary governor of Hungary, with full powers. What he 
guaranteed was sacred. His honor and reputation as a 
soldier were sufficient pledges to us for every thing. I 
will confess, for my own part, that I did depend on his 
word ; for he was the only Austrian general whose bulletins 
had been free from extravagant statements, and he had, so 
far as I knew, always remained faithful to his word. Nor 
do I believe that he would of himself have been guilty of 
such shameful violations of the capitulation as afterwards 
occurred, had he not been forced to commit them by the 
court, and especially by that blood-thirsty, unhumanized 
woman, the mother of the emperor. This opinion is sup- 
ported by the circumstance, that, shortly after the surren- 
der of Comorn, there was an attempt to remove him from 
Hungary, probably because he was unwilling to enter into 
the infernal designs of the empress mother. Haynau, the 
bastard of a crowned monster, is a cold, proud aristocrat, an 
unfeeling tyrant, a gross, uncultivated man, but yet a man 
who would not break his word of honor so long as he could 
in any other way preserve the favor of the court, the highest 
aim of every heartless aristocrat. 

Immediately after the discussion of the three points, Hay- 



130 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

nau desired to proceed to the definite arrangement of the 
capitulation. But we were not empowered to make any 
alterations in the prescribed terms, and, after promising to 
send to him at Acs, on the same evening, the final resolu- 
tion of the council of war, we rode back to Comorn to make 
our report of the negotiations. After long debate, the 
council of war assented to the requisite alterations, and 
commissioned us to go to Acs and close the capitulation, 
subject to this condition, that the deputation we had sent 
to Peterwardein should confirm the announcement of the 
fall of that place. "We accordingly rode to the enemy's 
head-quarters, where we were greeted with music and 
huzzas, and then signed the following articles of capitu- 
lation : 



SURRENDER OF THE FORTRESS OF COMORN UNDER THE FOL- 
LOWING CONDITIONS. 

1. The garrison are to be allowed freely to withdraw, without 
arms ; the swords of the officers to remain in their possession. 

Foreign passports shall be granted to those officers who have 
formerly served in the imperial army ; to those who do not ask 



CAPITULATION OP COMORN. 131 

for passports to other countries, a free dismission to their homes 
— excepting such as voluntarily enter the imperial service. 

A free residence at their homes shall be granted to the Honved 
officers not previously in the imperial service, without restriction 
as to their future conduct and occupation. 

An amnesty is granted to the rank and file of the imperial 
regiments, and to those individuals who have been meantime 
promoted. They are to remain unmolested, and no legal prose- 
cution shall hereafter be conducted against them. 

2. Passports abroad shall be furnished to all who apply for 
them within thirty days. 

3. One month's pay to the officers, and ten day's wages to the 
rank and file, according to the rates of the Austrian service, shall 
be paid in Austrian national bank-notes. 

4. For the settlement of the various obligations entered into by 
the garrison, as shown by their orders on the military chest, the 
sum of 500,000 guilders, convention's miinze, (about $250,000,) 
shall be paid in Austrian bank-notes. 

5. The sick and wounded in Comorn, and in the hospitals, 
shall be properly cared for. 

6. Private property, both real and personal, shall be generally 
retained by the owners. 

7. The place, time, and manner of giving up the arms, shall be 
hereafter determined. 

8. All hostilities shall immediately cease on both sides. 



A true copy of the original, 
Comorn, Sept. 29, 1849. 

Szillanyi, lieut.-colonel, 
chief of the general-staff. 



132 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

9. The fortress shall be given up according to the usages of 
war, after a mutual ratification of the conditions. 

( Puszta-Herkaly, Sept. 21th, 1849. 

( Haynau, M. P. 

Takats, captain. 
Gasparetz, captain 
Mednyansky, colonel. 
John Pragay, colonel. 
Stefan Rutkay, colonel. 
Count Otto Zichy, colonel. 
Count Paul Esterhazy, colonel. 
John Janik, colonel. 

Sigmund Szabo, colonel, commandant in the town. 
Joseph von Kaszonyi, colonel. 

Francis Asserman, colonel, commandant in the fortress. 
George Klapka, commander-in-chief of fortress and troops. 

The following day Haynau sent G-en. Nobili, a commis- 
sary, one officer of the engineer corps, and one of the artil- 
lery, to make the preliminary inventory. Several other 
officers came to the fortress, both Austrian and Russian. 
The latter often drank to Kossuth's health, and associated 
with our officers on the most friendly terms, but showed no 
respect for the Austrians, and even quarreled with them on 



CAPITULATION OF COMORN. 133 

every possible occasion — a proof how even the Russians dis- 
approved and despised the arrogant and impudent conduct 
of the Austrians, whose greatest courage was displayed in 
scourging women of the highest families. 

On the 27th of September, our deputation arrived with a 
final confirmation of the surrender of Peterwardein, and the 
respective garrisons left and entered our works as follows : — 
the Austrians took possession of the intrenched camp on the 
right bank of the Danube on the 30th of September ; of the 
tete-du-pont and the fortress on the 1st of October ; of the 
Palatinal lines on the 2d ; and of Waag fort on the 3d. 
The retiring divisions as they withdrew were furnished with 
a safe-conduct, and marched under the command of their 
officers to their homes, where they were disbanded.* It was 
a heart-breaking scene, when our brave troops — many of them 



» SAFE-CONDUCT. 

For Mr. John Pragay, who may return unhindered to his place 
of residence, Aszonyfa, in the county of Raab. As a member of 
the garrison of Comorn, he participates in all the privileges 
granted to the same, regarding security of person and property. 
[l. s.] BAYERSFELD, 

Comorn, Oct. 1st, 1849. Im P erial army-commissioner. 

12 



134 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

victors in thirty or more battles — were obliged to give up 
their arms to an enemy who had always fled before them ; 
but the conntry demanded their preservation, and they 
yielded with bursting hearts, but with manly firmness, to 
their fate. But of the banners that had waved before them 
in so many glorious contests, each one would take with him 
a little shred — a talisman to keep the past ever fresh in 
memory, and to rouse to new deeds of heroism in the future 
— they were torn into as many parts as there were men 
who had fought under them. The sixth regiment of hussars, 
in the sally of the 3d of August, had thrice charged the 
hostile Uhlans through the masses of infantry, and thrice de- 
feated them. When Klapka, in accordance with the first 
article, and in presence of the whole staff of the enemy, 
asked if there were any in this regiment who would step 
forward in token of their wish to enter the Austrian service 
— he was met with the reply, " Nay, sir, we will serve our 
Hungarian fatherland, but Austria never." Tears of glad- 
ness started from Klapka' s eyes, and, paying no heed to 
the foreign generals, he galloped off with the bold, confident 
feeling of hope for a speedy and successful restoration of the 
good cause. 

I was one day in Comorn after all our troops had marched 



CAPITULATION OF COMORN. 135 

out. There the conduct of the Austrians was in general 
handsome towards us, which was I think to be attributed, 
however, to the energetic interposition of the commandant, 
Lieutenant Field-Marshal Nobili, or perhaps, rather, to the 
circumstance that they were held in restraint by the Rus- 
sians ; but without the limits of the fortifications, it was 
very different. I myself saw Honveds, who had remained 
behind in the hospitals or transport-houses, and were going 
home in little bands of five or six, attacked immediately 
after crossing the bridge by Austrian soldiers, and robbed 
of their last heller* nay even of the better portions of their 
uniforms. These robberies took place in the immediate 
neighborhood of the officers, and, though I will not affirm 
that they encouraged their men to commit, I am sufficiently 
convinced that they silently permitted these disgraceful 
actions. 

Klapka is much to be censured for having opened the for- 
tifications to the enemy before the capitulation was fulfilled 
in all points. He must have known that with the Austrians 
nothing is sacred in heaven or earth. The consequences of 
this overhaste have been already severely felt by many of our 

* The smallest kind of coin. 



136 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

unhappy comrades, and by Klapka himself in Berlin and 
DiisseldorfT. 260 of us, mostly officers, desired passports 
under the second article of the capitulation ; some to Turkey, 
some to other European states, and a portion of us to 
America. As adjutant-general of the army, it became my 
duty to draw up as rapidly as possible national and personal 
descriptions of these applicants, add their proposed destina- 
tions, and hand them to Gren. Nobili, so that the passports 
might be sent down from Vienna by the time of the surren- 
der. Meantime these were not waited for, but, on the 
assurance of Gen. Susan that they would certainly come to 
hand in a few days, the place was surrendered. And what 
was the result ? In my own case, for example — I had re- 
quested a passport to Germany, Belgium, France, and Eng- 
land, and received, instead, one of which the following is a 
literal copy. 

PASSPORT. 

For the duration of the journey designated below: for Mr. 
John Pragay. Character, a Hungarian emigrant. To America, 
by Oderberg, Breslau, and Hamburg. He is to travel on the 
direct route, without stopping or returning, (plme aufenihalt und 
ohne Riickkehr.) He is accompanied by his former servant, 
Paul Zwickl. N. B. He is provided with the necessary means of 



CAPITULATION OF COMORN. 137 

traveling. [Here follows a particular description of the bearer's 
person, age, stature, etc.] It is desired that the bearer, on show- 
ing this passport, may be allowed to proceed without hinderance. 

From the royal imperial city government of Vienna, Oct. 5th, 
1849. 

[l. s.] The royal imperial ministerial councilor and captain 
of the city, Razzer, M. P. 

Many of my companions who wished to go to Turkey re- 
ceived no passport at all, and now, in spite of the 1st and 
2d articles, must endure the oppressive yoke of Austria, or 
perhaps starve in their wretchedness. How carefully the 
remaining articles, which Haynau had declared to be 
sacred, were observed, is clearly enough shown in the 
execution of Major Repeczky, the imprisonment of William 
Csapo, the sequestration of Zichy's estates, and of others 
who were all in Comorn up to the end, and the first of 
whom was seized and executed while on his road home. 

In conclusion, I have one urgent request to make to my 
honored readers. I would beg them to compare together 
the capitulation, the safe-conduct, and my traveling pass- 
port, and have the kindness to tell me how I came to 
receive- a passport restricted by the clause, " without stop- 
ping or returning," when a safe residence at my own home 

12* 



138 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

is guaranteed by two documents ? And that my honored 
readers may have still another bright example of the logical 
consistency that reigns throughout the actions of the Aus- 
trian government, I will introduce here a little story, which 
I can not refrain from telling, although the modest Klapka 
forbade its publication in his lifetime. 

The date of this story is the time when Comorn was be- 
leaguered by 50,000 Austrians and 26,000 Russians, under 
the command of Count Nugent ; and, on a certain after- 
noon, when two messengers with a flag of truce — the 
Austrian, Lieutenant-colonel Jungbauer, and one Kreipel, a 
captain of horse — brought into Comorn the report that 
Peterwardein had yielded. In addition to this information, 
these two gentlemen brought with them a little note, which 
contained nothing less than a notice that his royal imperial 
apostolic majesty had most graciously resolved to bestow 
upon the insurgent leader, Klapka, as a reward for his very 
humane treatment of the Austrian prisoners in Comorn, 
a large pension, which should be secured to him in any 
foreign country he would designate. If I rightly remember, 
Klapka hereupon answered, in a very decided manner, 
" that he had earned honor and fame with his comrades, 
and was ready to share with them their poverty and misfor- 



CAPITULATION OF COMORN. 139 

tunes ; he therefore begged respectfully to decline the most 
gracious kindness of his royal imperial apostolical majesty, 
and would only humbly request his royal imperial apos- 
tolical majesty, Franz- Joseph, that, if this pension were 
really designed for him, it might be applied to the assist- 
ance of those families who had lost their all in the con- 
test for Hungarian freedom." The sequel and the moral 
of the story is, that Klapka, who was to enjoy a pension in 
any foreign country he chose to designate, received a pass- 
port to England or America " without stop or return." 



140 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 



IX. 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF THE MOST PROMINENT STATES- 
MEN AND GENERALS. 



LOUIS KOSSUTH, GOVERNOR OF HUNGARY. 

Kossuth's ancestors, who were originally of a noble 
house in the county of Turoczer, had been for some gener- 
ations settled in the county of Zemplin, where he was born 
in 1806. His parents were of honorable station, and inde- 
pendent though not wealthy. His father was an advocate 
of reputation ; his mother, a woman of a fine mind, guided 
the education of her numerous family. Kossuth was taught 
in the schools at Ujhely, Patak, and Eperjes. At this early 
period, he already gave such proofs of his remarkable tal- 
ents that his teacher prophesied his future greatness. 

Like most cultivated men of his class in Hungary, he 
turned his attention to the law, and by his superior mental 
gifts, speedily rose to the first position among his brethren 



LOUIS KOSSUTH. 141 

of the county of Zemplin. He began his political course in 
the same county, where by virtue of his extensive acquire- 
ments, and especially of his eloquence, he soon occupied a 
foremost place in the ranks of the opposition. 

He first took part in the affairs of the country at large in 
1836. He was then sent to the Diet as the substitute of 
an absent magnate. In that capacity he held a seat in the 
Chamber of Deputies ; but the laws then gave no influence 
to this kind of substitute. He shortly after left this post. 
All the greater became his influence and authority by the 
publication of a periodical entitled, " Reports of the Diet." 
At that time the extremely strict Austrian censorship can- 
celed every free word. The proceedings of the Diet either 
did not appear before the public at all, or at best only in 
a mutilated form. The want of more accurate information 
in this respect was generally felt throughout Hungary, and 
by none more than by Kossuth, whose whole soul was 
already striving after freedom, and after all those means by 
which this holy treasure could be attained. He accord- 
ingly resolved to publish in manuscript, under the above 
title, all the speeches and proceedings of the Diet. For this 
purpose he learned stenography, and employed a number 
of short-hand writers. Although the expenses of writing 



142 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

made his paper very costly, it received a large number of 
subscribers, and soon became fhe first and most powerful 
of the public agents in the field on the side of the country 
and its constitutional interests. 

He made an attempt to give his paper a wider circula- 
tion by having it lithographed, but /he met with hinderances 
on every hand. The press was at last arbitrarily confis- 
cated, and he was again restricted to its distribution in 
manuscript. 

After the close of the Diet, he continued in the same 
form " Debates of the County Assemblies," and removed 
with his family to Pesth, the central point of the country, 
where he also practiced his profession. 

The Austrian government was not long in perceiving 
that by the circulation of free thoughts, the most powerful 
means of oppression was torn from its, hands ; and, in ac- 
cordance with its wonted policy, did not hesitate a moment 
to resort to illegal measures. 

Kossuth was brought to trial on a charge of high trea- 
son. Although by the Hungarian law, no one shall be 
confined on this charge till a decision has been given, but 
shall be permitted to conduct their defence in freedom, 
Kossuth was torn from his quiet dwelling in Ofen and from 



LOUIS KOSSUTH. 143 

the midst of his family, and led to prison. The trial was 
had before the highest court, whose judges are appointed 
by the government ; whose decisions are guided not by jus- 
tice, but by the will of that government. Kossuth was 
accordingly condemned to an imprisonment of three years. 

This violation of the constitution raised the greatest com- 
motion throughout Hungary. The excitement rose to such 
a pitch that at the next meeting of the Diet, the government 
found no other way of redeeming its mistake but, under 
the pretext of a request to that effect from the then pala- 
tine, to release Kossuth from the brief remainder of his 
confinement, and at the same time to give up the intended 
prosecution of several other members of the opposition for 
the same crime. 

Restored to freedom, Kossuth, edited an excellent news- 
paper in Pesth, and pursued his political career in the 
assemblies of the county of Pesth, which at that time stood 
at the head of the opposition. In spite of the utmost 
efforts of the government to defeat his election, he was 
chosen to represent this county in the Diet of T848, by an 
almost unanimous vote. 

In the Diet he played the first part, and was the almost 
uncontrolled leader of the opposition. At a late period of 



144 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

the same year, he undertook the department of finance in 
the ministry united under Count Ludwig Batthyany. 

After Batthyany's resignation, he became president of the 
committee of public defense, and when the declaration of 
independence was proclaimed on the 14th of April, 1849, 
in the cathedral of Debreczin amid the huzzas of the 
assembled people, the Diet appointed him governor of Hun- 
gary. His wonderful activity and energy in the two last- 
named offices, were sufficiently attested by the glorious 
issue of the first campaign with Austria. In a country 
hedged in on every side by hostile nations, and with noth- 
ing in hand, he raised money, arms, and a military force, 
which drove the self-styled invincible Austrian army out of 
the land, with a loss of 74,000 men, dead or disabled. 

How complete and general was the confidence in the 
purity of his patriotism and in his irreproachable integrity, 
is sufficiently proved by the fact that there was nowhere 
the least opposition formed against him, not even among 
the magnates, who by the abolition of feudal service and 
tithes were deprived of half their revenues. His last 
public act showed in the clearest light his entire self-sacri- 
ficing love for his country. "When in the month of August 
he resigned in favor of Gorgey a position in which he had 



COUNT LOUIS KATTI1YANY. 145 

been placed by the wishes of millions of his countrymen, 
he did so in the belief that the ambition of that general 
might be thus contented, and the country saved. How 
sorely was he to be disappointed ! 

After his abdication he retired into Transylvania, 
whence, upon learning the treachery of Gorgey, he took 
refuge in Turkey. He there remains, and is indeed at 
present held a prisoner by the Turkish government in the 
fortress of Schumla. 



COUNT LOUIS BATTHYAJSTY 

Was descended from an ancient Hungarian family, many 
of whose members were distinguished in former times, both 
in political and military life. Always taking an active 
part in the political affairs of his country, he soon became, 
by virtue of his superior mental gifts, of his wealth, which 
then contributed so largely to any man's political advance- 
ment, but above all by virtue of the firmness and energy 
which were leading traits in his character, one of the most 
influential members of the assembly of magnates. After 
the Diet of 1836, that is from the time that Austria began 

to pursue systematically an oppressive colonial policy to- 

13 



146 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

wards Hungary, a constitutional liberal opposition was 
organized in the country. A central committee was estab- 
lished at Buda-Pesth, whose business was to correspond with 
affiliated committees in other counties, to unite and develop 
the opinions and actions of those opposed to the attacks of 
Austria upon the constitutional independence of Hungary, 
and so break the force of those attacks. It also proposed 
another end, namely, to guide the national movement in 
accordance with the spirit of the age and the universal 
principles of freedom, and lay the foundation of a purely 
democratic constitution for the future. Louis Batthyany 
was placed at the head of this committee, and the corres- 
pondence with the other committees was carried on 
through him. 

When, therefore, in 1848, the time came for the princi- 
ples of the opposition to triumph over their conservative 
opponents, nothing was more natural than that he should 
be proposed as prime minister of the first independent 
Hungarian ministry. In March, the government, which 
then yielded every thing, appointed him to that office. 
When this ministry was dissolved in September of the 
same year, he was reappointed president of the new minis 
try, but his selection of colleagues not being ratified by the 



COUNT LOTUS BATTHYANY. 147 

government, his functions were at an end. He was placed 
on the committee of public defense by the Diet. 

When in the latter part of December the Diet removed 
from Buda-Pesth to Debreczin, one more attempt was made 
to settle matters with Austria without further bloodshed. 
A deputation of five members was sent to Windischgratz, 
with Batthyany at their head. They repaired to the camp 
of Windischgratz near Ofen, under an escort of hussars. 
In defiance of laws that prevail even among barbarous 
nations, these ' purely peaceful deputies, together with their 
escort, were detained as prisoners. Windischgratz' s answer 
was ''Unconditional submission." The imprisoned dele- 
gates could make their report to the Diet at Debreczin only 
in writing. Four of them were afterwards graciously re- 
leased. Batthyany, who was unyielding, and — which was 
the main thing with Austria — the owner of estates worth 
seven millions of guilders, was dragged from prison to 
prison, and tormented with examinations. He had but one 
answer to the questions of his persecutors : " Let me," he 
said, " be confronted with the Archduke Stephen, the pala- 
tine of the kingdom who shamefully deserted his post. I 
have done nothing but to carry into practice those measures 
which he the palatine and fully-authorized agent of the 



148 THE HUNGABIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

king, has constantly approved." And therefore, that there 
might be no living witness to testify the base treachery and 
falsehood of the palatine, and above all that Austria 
might clutch with her greedy hands the seven millions' 
worth of property, Batthyany was condemned — condemned 
by judges who were the ready tools of a wicked govern- 
ment. He was shot, according to sentence, early in Octo- 
ber, 1849. Batthyany was a man of stately bearing; he 
was about forty-five years of age. 



BARTHOLOMEW SZEMERE 

Was born in the county of Borsod, which is noted for 
the prevalence of liberal opinions amongst its people, and 
where he imbibed those principles almost with bis mother's 
milk. 

His early education was most carefully attended to. He 
was instructed in almost all the modern cultivated lan- 
guages, which were afterwards of much benefit to him in 
a journey through Europe, undertaken mainly for the pur- 
pose of examining institutions of punishment and correction. 
Upon his return home, he published an account of his 



BARTHOLOMEW SZEMERE. 149 

travels, and also a work on. systems of punishment and 
correction. 

In his county, where he entered on his political career, 
he was first chosen a chief of the magistracy, then vice- 
governor of the county, and lastly a representative to the 
Diet. 

He afterward became a member of the Committee of 
Public Defense, and Government Commissioner of the Upper 
Districts. After the 14th of April, Kossuth appointed him 
President of the Ministry, with the special department of 
the Interior. In this character he brought before the Diet 
his republican programme, which was accepted with un- 
hesitating, warm approval. He was the most forward re- 
publican in the Hungarian ministry. 

When Gorgey's treachery became known, Szemere fol- 
lowed Kossuth into Turkey, from whence, however, on per- 
ceiving the intentions of the Turkish government, he happily 
escaped, and is now residing in Paris. Szemere is a man 
not far from thirty-six years old, of a strong frame and 

handsome exterior. 

13* 



150 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 



LADISLAUS CSANYI 

Was a native of the county of Szala. He passed his 
youth in the military service of Austria as an officer of 
hussars, where he contracted a military manner which did 
not ill become his tall stature, and which he preserved 
through life. This manner, however, had nothing of the 
abject submissiveness, which ruled in the Austrian army 
when he was a young man more than now. His free, ac- 
tive spirit, revealed to him too clearly the faults and conse- 
quences of a slavish discipline, that would restrain not 
only free expressions, but free thoughts. He soon grew 
weary of a life that did not correspond with his disposition, 
and retired to his native county, where he soon became en- 
gaged in political affairs. At that period this county was 
at the head of those movements that were progressing in 
the spirit of the times. The famous Deak was not only 
then the leading spirit of the county, but the first man in 
the diet of 1836. "When a base party, composed of aristo- 
crats, reactionists, and bigots, and paid by the Austrian 
government, opposed Deak's re-election to the coming Diet, 
by disgraceful means, Csanyi took the part of his friend 



LADISLAUS CSANYI. 151 

with the greatest energy. This was the origin of the close 
league between the two men. In the year 1848 he was 
chosen with Deak one of the popular representatives in the 
Diet at Buda-Pesth. Well known for his energetic charac- 
ter, he was selected by the ministry of the period as a 
leader of the national guards and popular movement, 
against the first attacks of the Croats on the provinces of 
the Drave, beyond the Danube. He did all that had been 
expected of him. When the Hungarian army was more 
organized, and most of the national guards were trans- 
formed into volunteer battalions, Csanyi was sent by the 
Diet to the camp, as a commissioner fully empowered to 
act on the part of the government, and associated with 
General Moga. He displayed much decision and foresight 
in performing the duties of this office. He remained for a 
time associated with Gorgey in the same capacity, when 
that general took the chief command of the army. Had 
he continued with Gorgey, it is not altogether improbable 
that the dignity of his character and his friendly persuasive 
power, had permanently exerted the influence that they at 
first acquired over the young man, and prevented the trea- 
son that arose from a wild ambition. But such men as 
Csanyi were needed elsewhere, and he was sent as first 



152 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

commissioner into Transylvania, which was then almost 
lost to the patriots. He and Bern acted there so vigor- 
ously, that they soon cleared the country of the Russians 
and Austrians. He next hecame a member of the last 
independent ministry, in which he took the department of 
trade and communication. Trusting to the representations 
of the Russian generals, who assured him of safety in the 
closing scenes at Vilagos, he did not seek in flight the only 
means of escaping from the perfidy of Austria, hut re- 
mained to witness the foul shame that Grbrgey brought 
upon his country. Perhaps also his advanced age — he was 
sixty years old — and his feeble health, rendered him unable 
to endure the fatigues of a hasty flight. 

For the first few days he was treated with indulgence, 
but was soon thrown into prison, then dragged to Buda- 
Pesth, and then condemned to death on the gallows, the 
10th of October, 1849. He had no family to join in the 
deep mourning of his country and of numberless friends. 
Tested by the rules of tyranny, the vengeance of Aus- 
tria in regard to this true man was not unjustified ; for it 
can not be denied that there were few men in Hungary, 
whose energetic patriotism had done so much injury to the 
House of Austria. 



BARON LADISLAUS PERENYI. 153 



BARON LADISLAUS PERENYI 

Was likewise of an ancient Hungarian family, resident 
in the county of Ugocsa, in the Theiss district, which 
was always the stronghold of true Magyarism. The 
hatred to Austria was there irreconcilable, and there 
had been enacted the most important events of Rakoczi's 
revolution. Well known as a man of great legal attain- 
ments and of an upright character, he had been appointed 
by the Austrian government Vice-president of the highest 
court, and had long filled the office of Lord-lieutenant 
(Obergespann) of his native county. During the pro- 
ceedings, in the trials for high treason, against Kossuth 
and Baron Nicholas Weselenyi, and against several other 
members of the opposition, which ended with a sentence 
of three years' imprisonment for Kossuth, he distinguished 
himself among the few independent judges. When George 
Mailath, who was the Chief Justice, (Oberlandesrichter,) 
and, ex officio, also President of the Assembly of Magnates, 
(Magnatentafel,) either from cowardice or perfidy, deserted 
his post in December, 1848, the honest Perenyi considered 
it his duty to assume that office which belonged to him. 



154 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

as Vice-president.- He presided over the deliberations of 
the Upper-house at Debreczin, and at other places where 
it afterwards assembled, in a manner that gave entire 
satisfaction, and inspired the fullest confidence. In De- 
breczin he signed the Declaration of Independence, in 
company with the President of the House of Deputies 
and the secretaries of both branches. This was a deadly 
sin in the eyes of Austria, which was atoned for by his 
ignominious death on the gallows in October, 1849. The 
utmost firmness, and a calmness of spirit such as belong 
only to those conscious of the righteousness of their cause, 
did not forsake him at the last moment. Perenyi was 
taken prisoner at the catastrophe of Gorgey's treachery 
at Vilagos. He was aged about sixty, and of venerable 
appearance. 



ARTHUR GORGEY 

Was born in the year 1817, of noble and tolerably 
wealthy parents, at Busocz in the county of Zips. Although 
the majority of the inhabitants of this county are Ger- 
mans or Sclaves, few surpassed it during the late revo- 
lution in patriotism and love of liberty. 



ARTHUR GORGEY. 155 

After finishing his studies at the Gymnasium of Kesmark, 
he entered the Pioneer-school at Tuln as a cadet, and from 
there an Austrian regiment, whence he was soon after 
transferred to a lieutenancy in the nohle Hungarian body- 
guard. He already showed an eccentric character. He 
was the inseparable friend of his fellow-guardsman, Count 
Zsigray, who afterwards in a fit of hypochondria committed 
suicide. He greatly distinguished himself by his talents. 
He was a most diligent scholar and made rapid progress, 
especially in the mathematical sciences, so that at the end 
of his five years he became a first lieutenant in the Austrian 
army — the proof of his acquirements." 

He remained but a little time with his regiment. He 
fell in love with the governess of a noble family, and as 
neither of the parties were able to furnish the earnest- 
money — quite a large sum — required in case of marriage, 
he left the army and relinquished all claim to a future re- 
sumption of his title. 

His favorite study had always been chemistry, and after 
quitting the army he occupied himself exclusively with this 
branch of science. His acquirements in this department 
procured for him the position of Assistant in Chemistry in 
Prague University. This office he soon left, and repaired 



156 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

to Bielitz in Grallicia, to make himself better acquainted 
with the cloth manufacture. While he was thus employed 
the revolution broke out. On the receipt of the news he 
immediately returned home. On arriving in Hungary, he 
was appointed a captain of Honveds, and soon after a major 
in the national guard. In this capacity he ordered Count 
Eugene Zichy, count palatine of Stuhlweissenburg, who 
had entered into an understanding with Jellachich, to be 
hung on the island of Csepel, which had been committed 
to his charge after the battle of Pakozd. 

On the 30th of October, Grorgey saved the army from the 
snare into which it was brought by Gren. Moga's error, and 
was promoted by Kossuth on the spot to be its provisional 
commander-in-chief. 

How he withdrew to Pesth, and thence conducted his 
famous retreat by the way of the mining towns to Kaschau, 
I have already narrated. I must mention here that in the 
course of this retreat he issued a proclamation to the troops 
hostile to the revolutionary government, in which he calls 
them the royal Hungarian army, and introduces the sugges- 
tion that they should raise him to the Dictatorship. This 
was almost the only body of troops in Hungary which was 
fully equipped, and in every way fit for service. This 



ARTHUR GORGEY. 157 

proclamation resulted in nothing. The troops were more 
attached to Kossuth than to him. 

Many have accused Gorgey of being already in intelli- 
gence with Windischgratz at the time he was under Dem- 
binsky, and that therefore he came so late into the action of 
Kapolna. This charge is groundless, as is clearly proved by 
his later actions ; and although, setting aside the imperfect 
and wrong dispositions in this battle, he did not appear at 
the proper time on the battle-field, the cause of the tar- 
diness lay not in an understanding between him and 
Windischgratz, but in the dissensions between himself and 
Dembinsky. 

How, after Dembinsky' s resignation and Vetter's sick- 
ness, Gorgey took command of the army, and led it from 
victory to victory up to the relief of Comorn on the 26th of 
April ; how, after that battle, instead of pursuing the Aus- 
trians, he remained before that city, and after long delibera- 
tion, instead of marching against Vienna, proceeded to 
Ofen ; how, at the end of a siege of twenty-three days, he 
stormed that fortress on the 21st of May, and then made 
another longer sojourn there, thus giving full time to the 
Austrians to assemble, and to the Russians to unite with 

them and break into Hungary — all this has been previously 

14 



158 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. ^ 

related. Procrastination was his great failing. Bern very 
justly remarked : " Gorgey can defeat but not destroy an 
enemy." I have also already told how, during the months 
of June and July, he fought several battles in the neighbor- 
hood of Comorn with the Russians and Austrians, when 
and how he retired from that quarter, and finally, how the 
betrayed his country. It only remains to add a few facts 
illustrative of the character of this individual who has 
earned for himself the fame of a Herostratus. 

As I have already intimated, Gorgey' s character was 
marked with striking peculiarities. United with an im- 
moderate ambition was a great capacity of self-denial. 
After the taking of Ofen, the government promoted him to 
the rank of lieutenant field-marshal, and sent a deputation 
to offer him, at the same time with his commission, the 
grand cross of the Order of Military Merit. He refused both 
the rank and the token of honor, declaring that so long as 
there was a single enemy on Hungarian soil, he felt him- 
self unworthy of their acceptance. When he was in Bielitz, 
in very difficult circumstances, a friend offered him segars ; 
although he was passionately fond of smoking, he would not 
take them, saying that he would smoke no segars, even if 
given to him, till he was abundantly able to bny them. 



ARTHUR GORGEY. 159 

After the action of Waitzen, he passed the whole night in 
a fast-falling rain, on an open wagon in a court-yard, whDe 
all his aids were comfortably lying in beds. Except for 
washing, he did not undress during the whole campaign. 
Till the month of June, 1849, he wore one seal-skin coat, 
which he had won from an officer at cards. It then sud- 
denly occurred to him to clothe himself quite brilliantly. 
He had a coat made of a light red color and ornamented 
with very broad bands of gold lace, and led all attacks and 
assaults in this uniform, which was well known to the 
enemy. Gorgey's chief excellencies as a general were ex- 
traordinary courage, coolness, and foresight, great energy so 
long as he was in the presence of the enemy, and a peculiar 
talent of haranguing his troops. He troubled himself very 
little about tactics and strategy. 

Gbrgey was the sternest revolutionist in the country. He 
would give sentence of death, and look upon its execution 
with the utmost calmness. Nothing could move him to 
change his decision. He ordered one of his former com- 
rades of the guard, his intimate friend Captain Udvamoky, 
to be shot on account of insubordination to his major. Nor 
would he listen to the victim's defense, or the entreaties 
of his friends in his favor. His passions of ambition and 



160 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

vengeance were unrestrained. He betrayed his country not 
for paltry gold, but because he had not been able to obtain 
the highest office, and because he had been subordinated to 
another general. 

He had neither a good heart nor a right sense of honor ; 
otherwise he would not have committed Csanyi, who always 
treated him like a father, and the other members of the 
ministry and the Diet, who had confidently intrusted their 
fate to him, into the hands of a tyrannical government ; he 
would not have delivered his comrades and general-star^ 
who, unconsciously indeed but really, had promoted his 
criminal designs, and for whose safety he had pledged his 
word of honor, into the clutches of the executioner. He 
might perhaps in this respect have been deceived by Pas- 
kiewics ; but an honorable man in such circumstances could 
not look upon the evil fate that befell his companions, and 
still live. 

G-orgey is of a tall slender figure, and a penetrating eye. 
He is at present residing under surveillance at Klagenfurt 
in Styria. 



GEORGE KLAPKA. 161 



GEORGE KLAPKA 

Is the son of a former burgomaster of Temesvar, where 
he was born in the year 1820. When he had completed 
his studies in his birthplace, he was received as a cadet 
in the artillery, from which, in 1842, he was transferred 
to the Hungarian body-guard. He here, like Gorgey, dis- 
tinguished himself by remarkable talents, and like him 
was made a first lieutenant in the Austrian army — a pro- 
motion conferred only on those of the first abilities. A 
desire for freedom and » independence soon caused him to 
give up this situation. He was in Pesth in May, 1848, 
just at the time when the first battalions of Honveds were 
organized to proceed against the Servians. He obtained 
a captaincy in the first battalion, and was in the campaign 
against that people until September. His extensive ac- 
quirements in military science were soon observed, and he 
was promoted to the general-staff, with a commission to 
undertake the direction of works upon some fortifications 
at Comorn. He was soon after one of those who induced 

the troops there to swear to the new constitution, and thus 

14* 



162 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

preserved for Hungary this garrison that was already half 
betrayed to Austria. After he had completed the business 
for which he was sent to Comorn, he was ordered to join 
the army on the frontier, with which he remained through 
several battles and the retreat to Pesth. 

After the check that Meszaros received at Kaschau, the 
command of the army of the upper Theiss was conferred 
upon Klapka with the rank of colonel. He entered upon 
his new duties on the 13th of January. He defended the 
line of the Theiss, with great ability, against a vastly 
superior force, who were trying every means to force a 
passage ; in the same month defeated the combined corps 
of Schlick and Schulzig, and saved the government and 
Diet, then in a very critical situation at Debreczin, from 
dissolution, or at least from another removal. The govern- 
ment expressed their thanks by a general's commission. 

Placed under the command of Dembinsky, Klapka led in 
the fight of Hidasnemeti, Mezzokovesd, in the surprise of 
Petervasar, and of Kompolt, in the battle of Egerfarmos, and 
the two days' action of Kapolna. He also took part in the i 
attack upon Szolnok, and, as chief of the general-staff and 
commander of the first corps d'armee, in all the victorious 
advances upon Comorn, in the course of which he displayed 



GEORGE KLAPKA. 163 

his admirable foresight in devising the plan of flanking G6- 
dollo. 

In the latter part of April, he undertook the provisional 
administration of the ministry of war. He left this post a 
month later to take command of the seventh and eighth 
corps cVarmee. He was engaged in all the actions of June 
and July about Comorn, and in all displayed unmistakable 
proofs of his great military skill and acquirements. After 
Gbrgey retired from Comorn, he, Klapka, became com- 
mander-in-chief of all the troops in the fortress and about 
the city. 

How he conducted three successful attacks upon the be- 
siegers, how he rejected the base proposal of the Emperor 
of Austria, how he escaped assassination, and how, when all 
else was already lost, he saved the military honor of the 
Hungarian army by an honorable capitulation, I have re- 
lated in the foregoing pages. Of his noble, generous heart, 
by whose impulses he was sometimes indeed misled, I will 
not here speak, and will only add, that, high-spirited and 
honorable, he was, with the exception of Bern, the most 
cultivated in military science, and the first general in the 
Hungarian army. Klapka is of a tall, slender stature, and 
fine personal appearance. He is now in London. 



164 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 



MAURICE PERCZEL 

Belongs to a numerous family in the county of Tolna 
this side the Danube. He there commenced his political 
career, which he continued in the county of Comorn. He 
also frequently took part in the assemblies of the county 
of Pesth. He was then the opponent of Count Stephen 
Szecheny — a man whose liberal views were distorted by 
aristocratic prejudices. He filled an important post in 
the department of the interior under Szemere in the ministry 
of 1848. He was one of the thirty-six who voted against 
the policy of that department, which was not sufficiently 
decided to meet his approval, and thereupon gave up 
his situation. In Pesth he organized the Zrinyi bat- 
talion as the first battalion of Hungarian Honveds, and 
marched against Jellachich. His military operations on 
either side of the Danube, and on the Drave, which have 
been briefly touched upon, were generally attended with 
happy results. They show a union of boldness, courage, 
and firmness, rather than military science. Perczel is a 
man of forty years, of a fearless mien. He is with Kossuth 
in Schumla. 



JOHN DAMJANICS. 165 



JOHN DAMJANICS 



Was born in the year 1805 at Stasa, in the military 
frontiers, and of course received a military education. 
He was at first a cadet in his own district, and after- 
wards an officer in the 61st regiment of infantry, where 
he rose to the rank of captain. When the Revolution 
broke out, he left his regiment, and became commander 
of a Honved battalion. He was in the campaign against 
the Servians from July, 1848, to March, 1849. Partly 
from his deeds of bravery during this period, and partly 
from the prudent management of his troops, he was 
gradually advanced to the rank of general. Early in 
March he was recalled from the south. He lead the 
assault upon Szolnok, and, as commander of the third 
corps, took an active part in the victorious advances of 
the army up to the relief of Comorn. When he had 
been persuaded by Gorgey to accept provisionally the 
charge of the war ministry, and was paying his farewell 
visits previous to departing for Debreczin, he seriously 
injured his foot by jumping from his carriage. While still 
suffering from this cause, in the closing catastrophe, he 



166 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE TOR FREEDOM. 

took command of the fortress of Arad, which, at Gorgey's 
order, and especially because the garrison was made up 
of Wallachian troops, he soon after surrendered to the 
Russians. 

From more than thirty actions, Damjanics had always 
come out the victor. When he left the south, he issued 
a proclamation to the Servians exhorting them to quietness, 
which closed with these words : " If I come back, and find 
that you have again been burning, robbing, and murdering, 
I will put you all to the sword, and then, that there may 
not be one Servian left alive, shoot myself." His being 
disabled was the worst of misfortunes for Hungary ; for 
if he had remained in the army, Gorgey could never have 
consummated his treachery. He had already formed an 
opposition to that general's ambitious plans ; and, by his 
own popularity in the army, would have been sure to 
frustrate them. 

Damjanics was a stout, large man, of a martial appear- 
ance. He was hung on the 6th of October, at Arad. At 
the place of execution, where he was obliged, from six 
till half past ten o'clock in the morning, to look upon the 
murder of his comrades, he did not show the least agitation, 
but, turning to an Austrian officer, asked very quietly, " How 



LOUIS AULICH. 167 

is it that I, who in battle used to be the first, am now the 
last ?" 

LOUIS ATJLICH 

Was born at Presburg in the year 1793. His parents 
were wealthy, and cherished liberal opinions. At the close 
of his studies he entered himself a cadet in the second 
regiment of infantry. Owing to his irreproachable conduct 
and extensive knowledge, he was promoted, step by step, 
to the rank of lieutenant-colonel of the same regiment. 
While he was in this post the Revolution broke out. He 
did not long hesitate to take sides with the cause of hu- 
manity and justice, and immediately placed himself and his 
regiment at the disposition of the Hungarian ministry. 

He became colonel, and distinguished himself at Scwe- 
chat, as afterwards whenever opportunity offered during 
the winter campaign which he made under Gorgey. After 
the battle of Kapolna he was made a general, and in that 
rank took part in various battles. The happy issue of the 
battle of Isaszeg is mainly due to the timely attack which 
he conducted. 

When the main army under Gorgey advanced upon 
Comorn, Aulich remained with his corps before Pesth. 



168 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

The blockade was completed by the divisions of Asboth and 
Kmety, and soon caused the Austrian army that held 
possession to leave the city. 

After the taking of Ofen, Aulich left the army for the 
sake of restoring his health, which was much broken, and 
soon took the management of the war ministry. "When the 
dreadful catastrophe of Arad came, he was in Grorgey's 
head-quarters, and so fell into the hands of the enemy. He 
was one of the best and bravest among our generals, of the 
most distinguished among our patriots. He died on the 
gallows, at Arad, the 6 th of October. 

JOSEPH BEM 

Was a general in the last Polish insurrection against 
Russia, and is well known for his active participation in 
the affairs of Poland, and for his misfortunes. He was born 
at Tamow, in Gralicia, in 1795. He pursued his studies at 
Cracow, and at a later period in the military school at 
Warsaw. On their completion he entered the Polish artil- 
lery-service, in which he made the campaign of 1812 against 
Russia in Davoust's corps, and then in Macdonald's. After 
the peace he remained in the Polish army under the Rus- 



JOSEPH BEM. 169 

sians, was made captain and adjutant of General Bontemps 
in 1819, and became an instructor in the artillery school at 
Warsaw, a position that ill-suited him, and which he de- 
sired to escape from. He was relieved from his office, but 
for unknown reasons recalled, tried by a court-martial, and 
sentenced to a confinement of two months. He now left 
the army, and from 1825 to the outbreak of the insurrection 
in November, 1830, mostly busied himself with studies in 
mathematics and mechanics. Among other things he gave 
much attention to the steam-engine, upon which he wrote 
a short treatise, as he had previously done in regard to the 
introduction of congreve-rockets. He greeted the insurrec- 
tion in Poland as the rising of a new day for his country. 
He hastened to Warsaw, where the government appointed 
him major and commander of a battery of flying-artillery. 
After the action of Iganie, in which he distinguished him- 
self, he was made lieutenant-colonel ; after the battle of 
Ostrolenka, a colonel ; and soon following this, promoted to 
the command-in-chief of the Polish artillery. At the deci-' 
sive battle of Warsaw, his genius as well as his fortunes 
seem to have forsaken him. All the military men and the 
patriots have accused him of negligence, and charged upon 

him the greatest share of the burden of blame for the mis- 

15 



170 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

fortunes of the day. He took refuge in the Prussian domin- 
ions, whence he conducted the emigration to France. At 
Paris, where he was on terms of friendship with Leluel, the 
former president of the Polish national committee, he pro- 
posed to lead to Don Pedro a Polish legion. But although 
the agreement was settled, the expedition failed. Bern was 
wounded by a pistol-shot from an unknown hand. He went 
alone to Portugal, and, after being thanked for the offer of 
his services, to Madrid, where he was met with a repulse. 
From that time he resided in Paris. The Polytechnic So- 
ciety which he founded there was dissolved after a year's 
existence, owing to the want of funds. He then occupied 
himself with special branches of mechanics. In October, 
1848, Bern repaired to Vienna, and undertook the organiza- 
tion of the Garde Mobile, and the management of the mili- 
tary arrangements. His plan of making a sally from the 
city on the 23d of October, for the purpose of cutting off 
and destroying the Austrian army of observation that was 
between "Wahring and Nuszdorf. was frustrated by one of 
his adjutants. On the 27th of the same month, he con- 
ducted the defense of the suburb of the Jagerzeile, which, 
owing to the occupation of Landstrasse, fell, in spite of a 
desperate resistance, into the hands of the enemy. That 



GENERAL HENRY DEMBINSKY. 171 

day Bern was wounded by a musket-shot. He foresaw, 
meanwhile, that Vienna must fall, and that he would be 
one of the first demanded by Windischgratz. He therefore 
left the city the same day, disguised as a coachman. He 
was fortunate enough to reach Hungary in safety. In 
Pesth he was again attacked by one of his countrymen in 
his own chamber, and slightly wounded by a pistol-shot. 
After his recovery he undertook the command of the Hun- 
garian army in Transylvania. His operations in that coun- 
try, which have already been briefly narrated, bear witness 
to his skill in strategy and tactics, and stamp him as a rare 
genius, and one of the first generals of the age. 

After the fall of G-orgey, Bern succeeded in making his 
escape to Turkey, where, merely from his thorough hatred of 
Russia, he became a Mohammedan, and is now a pasha and 
commandant of the Turkish artillery. 



GENERAL HENRY DEMBINSKY 

Was born in the Waiwodeschaft of Cracow in 1791. 
The ardent patriotism which has ever distinguished him, 
was mainly an inheritance from his father, Ignatius Dem- 
binsky, who was one of the most zealous patriots, and 



172 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

a provincial deputy to the Diet of 1788, which formed 
the new constitution of the 3d of May, and had impressed 
upon his sons the importance of preserving and revising 
that work. He was carefully educated by his mother, a 
daughter of Count Maszinski, grand-master of the household 
at the court of Saxony. He early distinguished himself by 
his skill in bodily exercises, as well as progress in intellectual 
studies. In the year 1807, he came with two of his brothers 
to the Academy of Engineers, at Vienna. When, in 1809. 
the Austrian government offered the Polish students the 
post of officers in the army, he refused to accept, and 
returned to give his strength to his country. Before ac- 
cepting the rank of an officer, he wished to earn a claim to it 
on the field of battle, and entered the fifth regiment of jagers 
as a private. At the opening of the campaign against Rus- 
sia he was a lieutenant. At the battle of Smolensk, he had 
the gratification of being named captain by Napoleon him- 
self. During the war in Germany, he^ was under Gen. 
Sokolnicki, to whom he felt himself particularly indebted for 
his military education. In this war he lost three of his 
brothers. He afterwards studied the business of military 
organization under the minister of war, Wulohorsky, who 
then had his office, which Dembinsky entered, in Paris. 



GENERAL HENRY DEMBINSKY. 173 

When Coiistantine was placed at the head of the Polish 
army, he retired to his estates in the province of Cracow. 
In 1825 he was chosen provincial deputy to the Diet. At 
the breaking out of the revolution, on the 29th of Novem- 
ber, 1830, he saw himself passed by, when the organizing 
of forces in his Waiwodeschaft was first undertaken. But 
the zeal, energy, and skill that he displayed, as chief of 
his district, in forming a guard of safety, drew upon him the 
eyes of all his fellow-citizens. In a few weeks he was 
placed at the head of the management for organizing the 
regular forces that the province of Cracow could send to the 
field, to consist of two regiments of cavalry and as many of 
infantry. 

He drove this business so actively and successfully, that, 
on the day of the battle at G-rochow, he entered Warsaw 
with a handsome regiment, and took his place in the line. 
Skrzynecki, the general-in-chief, placed him over a brigade 
of cavalry. With this brigade, numbering about 4,000 
men, Dembinsky, in the fight at Kuflow, held at bay 
through the whole action the army of Field-Marshal 
Diebitsch, numbering 60,000. For this brilliant service he 
was appointed general-of-brigade. He again received com- 
mand of a corps of the same strength to make an attack 

15* 



174 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. 

upon the city of Ostrolenka on the left wing, while Skrzy- 
necki went against the guards. He afterwards united with 
the division of Gen. Gielgud. He was not able to take 
part in another battle at Ostrolenka, and, after that battle, 
shared the fate of Gen. Gielgud' s division. When the 
generals of this division resolved to pass the Prussian fron- 
tier, Dembinsky took the bold course of breaking his way 
through a country swarming with enemies, and reaching 
Warsaw. To execute his plan, it was necessary to make a 
circuit of 900 leagues, going up to the sources of the Nilia 
and the Niemen. At the close of July, 1831, he suddenly 
appeared, with his little band of heroes, before the gates of 
Warsaw, and was joyfully admitted by the sorely-pressed 
inhabitants. He was immediately named governor of the 
city, and commander-in-chief, which offices, however, he 
held but a few days. It was said that, on the day following 
the night of the 15th of August, he formed the design of 
raising himself to the dictatorship, that so, perhaps, he 
might save the independence of his country. But his 
violent character had caused dissension between -many of 
his countrymen and himself, and his plan was frustrated. 
He went with Rybinski's corps to Prussia, and thence 
to France. In the year 1833, he entered the service of 



GENERAL HENRY DEMBINSKY. 175 

the Pasha of Egypt, who sent him to Syria to attend to the 
reorganization of the Egyptian army. He soon returned to 
Paris. 

In Jan., 1849, Dembinsky appeared in Hungary, where 
Kossuth at first intrusted him with the command of the 
army of the Upper Theiss, and afterwards with that of the 
main army. His harsh, suspicious nature but too soon 
made him. enemies of the other generals. This circum- 
stance was perhaps the cause that the battle of Kapolna, on 
the 26th and 27th of February, 1849, was not brilliantly 
won in our favor. But the escape of Schlick's corps on the 
14th of February near Putnok, (Tornyalla,) and the check 
of Egerfarmos on the 1st of March were undoubtedly the 
results of his bad generalship. They led to a vote express- 
ing want of confidence passed by the corps of officers, in 
consequence of which he was obliged to resign. Towards 
the end of April, the government placed him at the head of 
the northern army. In May he threw up the command, be- 
cause permission was not granted him to make an attack upon 
Galicia. After the Russian invasion, he was enabled once 
more to gain the favor of the government, and was named 
commander-in-chief of the main army. How far he justi- 
fied the great confidence reposed in him by Kossuth, can be 



176 THE HUNGARIAN STRUGGLE FOE. FREEDOM. 

judged from his giving up the line of the Theiss, and from 
the battle before Temesvar. Kossuth now acknowledged 
in one of his writings, in spite of his former unpardonable 
prejudice in his favor, what others saw before, that Dem- 
binsky "isa man weakened by age and of a failing mem- 
ory." As it seems to me, he has perhaps more to answer 
for in the unhappy issue of our affairs than even G-orgey 
himself, who became a traitor partly because of him. Dem- 
binsky is of middle stature, a stout frame, and iron-gray 
hair. He is at present with Kossuth in Schumla. 



NOTES, 



NOTE A. 

THE CAMARILLA. 

Spanish — a little chamber. A kind of secret cabinet not rec- 
ognized in the Constitution, and generally composed of the 
relations of the prince, priests, intriguing women, etc. In the 
present instance, the most prominent members of the Camarilla 
were Cibini, one of the ladies of the court, and the Archduchess 
Sophia. 

NOTE B. 

The Honveds spoken of frequently in the text, are the national 
soldiery of Hungary. 



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Egypt and Its Monuments, 

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The East ; 

Or, Sketches of Travel in Egypt and the Holy Land. 

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EGYPT.— Alexandria.— The Nile and the Pyramids.— The Pyramids and their Builders.— Life on 
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price of eight guineas, and the price in this country has been about $50. 
G. P. Putnam has made arrangements for an edition for the United States, 
rendered far more valuable by the addition of a COPIOUS and USEFUL 
INDEX of about 40,000 names ; but the maps being transferred in fac- 
simile on stone, the American publisher is enabled to supply it at the 
low price of $20— elegantly and substantially bound in half morocco, 
gilt edges. The maps are clearly and beautifully executed, and are 
practically fully equal to the original edition. The work contains 41 
large and splendid maps. 

" Having examined many of the Maps of the National Atlas, 1 have no hesitation in saying, 
that they are as accurate in their geographical details as they are beautiful in their execution."— 
Sir David Brewster. 



Historical Studies. 

BY GEORGE WASHINGTON GREENE, ESQ., 

Late Consul of the U. S. at Rome. 1 vol. l2mo, cloth. 



The World" 1 s Progress ; 



Or, A Record of Remarkable Occurrences, Political, Literary, and Scientific, in the Annals 
of all Nations. In two Divisions. I. Contemporary Tables. II. Alphabetical Records. 
BY G. P. PUTNAM. 
New edition, revised and enlarged. 1 v»l. Bvo. 

11 



g. t. Putnam's itew piiblicatiows. 



THE LIBERTY OF ROME; 

A HISTORY. 

With an Historical account of the Liberty of ancient Nations. 

BY SAMUEL ELIOT? ESQ. 

2 vols. 8vo, cloth, and illustrated with 12 Plates, $4 50. 

LIST OF PLATES. 



1. Allegorical. 

2. Homer singing on the Chian strand. 

3. Bust of Socrates. 

4. Imaginary View of Early Rome. 

5. Bust of Pythagoras. 

6. The Secession of the People to Mons 

IJacer. 



7. The meeting of Camillus and Maif- 

lius after the retreat of the Gauta. 

8. Bust of Marcus Tullius Cicero. 

9. The Triumph of Quintus Fabius. 

10. Caius Gracchus weeping before hia 

Father's Statue. 

11. Cicero denouncing Catiline. 



12. Bust of Lucius Junius Brutus. 

OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. 

" Mr. Eliot's aim is an important one- It is to indicate the kind and amount of liberty enjoyed 
by the ancient Romans. He has formed a just conception of what is meant by the word liberty, 
which is too often confounded with mere forms of government, at best but its guards and supports. 
* * * The scale of the work is so extensive, that details necessarily disappear in any 
abridged statement of its contents, nor is it possible by extracts to convey an idea of the value and 
interest of the book. To be appreciated it must be taken as a whole. There are few salient pas- 
sages. But its general impression is in the highest degree healthy, conducive to the expansion of the 
mind, and calculated to enrich it with new and important ideas. We are glad to receive from an 
American hand such a welcome contribution to our best order of Literature." — London Examiner. 

"A work of high character and distinguished merit. The author has brought to the performance 
of a task of such magnitude and difficulty, vast stores of erudition, a highly cultivated taste, a com- 
prehensive and penetrating intellect, and a grave and sober judgment ; qualities indispensable to one 
who would write such a history, and rarely to be found combined to the same extent in the same 
ndividual." — John Bull. 

" We have had histories of Rome written by the scholar, by the credulous, and lately a history 
of it by the great historic skeptic, Niebuhr. We had not yet one by a philosopher ; we thank Mr. 
Eliot for having undertaken, and we may add, succeeded in his task. This is a good and new book 
to the classic student and thinker." — Daily News. 

" This remarkable book presents us with a view of liberty in a different and truer light than has 
been laid before us by any writer. Extensive reading, a well balanced and philosophical mind, 
above all prejudice, could alone have fitted its author for producing a work which must take a high 
rank in American Literature, in its style as well as in its subject." — Providence Journal. 

" The present volumes exhibit the evidence of many qualities essential to so large an enterprise in 
their accomplished author. They are in the highest degree creditable to the conscientious fidelity of 
his researches, to his industry and power of persistent labor, to his acquaintance wilh the most au- 
thentic sources of ancient and modern learning, and to the extent and variety of his erudition, which 
js free from any tincture of pedantry or ostentation. — New- York Tribune. 

12 



a. p. Putnam's new publications. 



CONTINUED. 

Maliomet and Ms Successors. 

BY WASHINGTON IRVING. 

2 vols. 12mo, cloth, Uniform with the new edition of " Irving's Works." 
$2 50. 

" The events and circumstances of Mahomet's life and course exceed m romantic interest the 
most ingenious creations of fiction. These events are related in the present work with the fasc lr 
naiing art and skill for which Mr. Irving is distinguished. * * * The present book is one of 
absorbing interest."— Washington Union. 

" It will be universally welcomed, and read with cordial interest. It is marked by the inimita- 
ble grace and richness of style characteristic of his works." — N. Y. Courier.' 

"An exceedingly interesting review of the history of the founder of the Islam faith, and his 
times, faultless as a composition, blending happily criticism and discrimination with the romantic 
narrative. We doubt whether any of Mr. Irving's earlier volumes will equal the Life of Mahomet 
in permanent popularity."— N. Y. Com. Advertiser. 

" By far the most complete and most candid history of the great founder of a religion that still 
holds sway over a large fraction of the race." — N. Y. Evangelist. 

" To the general reader it will be found an excellent book, and it will be found useful even to 
those who are familiar with Gibbon and Ockley. "-^Boston Times. 

" The most complete and authentic Life of the great Arabian Prophet that has yet been given to 
the world." — -Evening Mirror.' 

" Abounds in events of thrilling interest, which its author has clothed in language as attractive 
as it is beautiful." — Nat. Intelligencer. 

" Our author sketches in a rapid manner and in a style scarcely matchable for beauty, the 
youthful habits and pursuits, and the manhood, projects, and public career of the founder and 
original propagator of Islamism, and ends with an appendix which embodies an outline of its 
doctrines, which is scarcely less entertaining than the narration, and is an essential and highly 
valuable accompaniment. Our author has interspered through the volume a sufficient number of 
legends (as incredible as the one already quoted), to show the peculiar characteristics of the Mos- 
lem mind, and to give variety and consequently additional interest to the story of the origin and 
progress of the Islam faith."— Western Literary Messenger. 



Oliver Goldsmith : a Biograjpliy. 

BY WASHINGTON IRVING, 

1 vol. l2mo, cloth- UnnlT m with the new edition ° f " Irving ' S Works " 
$125. 

... .. _ - . sjjjiarly adapted to the amiable, con- 

■' A most agreeable work. The grace of Irving's style is pec^.. ^"r-ratio, Review. 

fiding nature of the wayward genius whose history he records."— JDe^Z LiM'vi ' f W k 

" It will supersede all former lives of the author of the Deserted Village and u^ 
field." — Christian Advocate. 

"With a general admiration of Goldsmith, with a cordial appreciation of the spirit of his writ- 
ings, and with many similar intellectual tendencies, he has portrayed the varied picture of his life 
with a grace and elegance that makes his narrative as charming a piece of composition as can be 
found in the whole range of his former works."— N. Y. Tribune. 

" He brings the man before his readers in all his aspects and sufferings, from his cradle to hia 
grave. The style is easy, the reflections just and flow naturally from the subject— the arrange- 
ment is that of a picture wherein the leading incidents are shown in foreground situations, and the 
minor and less attractive points are kept well in the background."— London Athaneum. 



George Washington : a Biograjpliy. 

BY WASHINGTON IRVING. 

With Illustrations. In Preparation. 

13 



a. p. putnam's new publications. 



3®istnrq — 3SingrxipIrn — (fagntpjjtj* 

CONTINUED. 

Historical Studies. 

BY GEORGE WASHINGTON GREENE, 

Late United States Consul at Rome. 
1 vol. 12mo, cloth, $ 1 25. 

"There is a vast deal of information compressed in this work. It is composed of twelve Essays, 
every one of which contains matter for a volume." — Albany Journal. 

' : They are written in the spirit of true scholar-like cultivation, and embody the results of the 
author's studies while in the enjoyment of rare opportunities for indulging a passionate taste for 
•Italian Literature. His historical views are marked with great critical acuteness, often presenting 
original suggestions, and always stimulating the attention of the reader by the strength of their 
statements." — Tribune. 

" Bear the impress of intelligent observation and no little research." — Commercial Adv. 

" Deserves to be read by all." — Evening Post. 

" Exhibit /much critical acumen." — Buffalo Commercial Adv. 



Europe, Past and Present. 



A Comprehensive Manual of European Geography and History, derived from 
official and other authentic sources, and comprising not only an accurate 
Geographical and Statistical Description, but also a faithful and interesting 
History of all European States ; together with a carefully arranged Index, 
by which the reader is enabled to find readily whatever he wishes to know 
about any Geographical, Statistical, or Historical Fact concerning Europe. 

BY FRANCIS H. UNGEWITTER, LL. D. 

Author of " Popular Geography," " Universal Geography and History," " School Geogra- 
phy," &c, &c 



The Hungarian Revolution. 

Outlines of the Prominent Circumstances att^'f £e Hungarian Struggle 
for Freedom ; together with Brief -^grapmcal Sketches of the leading 
Statesmen and Generals ^ Mok P art m "■ 
BY JOHANN PRAGAY, 
nrfp--« aI *3 Adjutant-General in the Hungarian Army under Kossuth. 
1 vol. 12mo, cloth. 



The Sclavic Nations. 

An Historical Sketch of the Language and Literature of the Sclavic Nations 
(Russia, Poland, Hungary, &c). 

BY TALVI. 

With an Introduction and Notes by Rev. E. Robinson, D. D., &c, Author 
of " Biblical Researches in Palestine," &c, &c. 

1 vol. 8vo, cloth. 

13a 



G. P. PUTNAM S NEW PUBLICATIONS. 



St«SritototL 




Hints on Public Architecture, 

Prepared, on behalf of the Building Committee of the Smithsonian Institution. 
BY ROBERT DALE OWEN. 

In large Quarto, elegantly printed, with 113 Illustrations in the best style 
of the Art. Price $6. 

" While the Committee offer the result of these researches, not so 
much to the profession as to the public, and to public bodies, (as 
VestrieSj Building Committees, and the like,) charged with the 
duties similar to their own, they indulge the hope thafthe Architect 
also may find subject for inquiry and material for thought. * * * 

" Money is expended even lavishly to obtain the rich, the showy, 
the commonplace. But this period of transition may be shortened. 
The progress of painting and sculpture, which, in other lands, has 
been the slow growth of centuries, has been hastened in our country, 
thanks to the genius of a few self-taught men, beyond all former 
precedent. To stimulate genius in a kindred branch of art; to 
supply suggestions which may call off from devious paths, and 
indicate to the student the true line of progress ; and thus to aid in 
abridging that season of experiment and of failure in which the 
glittering is preferred to the chaste, and the gaudy is mistaken for 
the beautiful, are objects of no light importance. In such con- 
siderations may be found the motive and the purpose of the follow- 
ing pages." — Extract from the Preface. 

" This work should be in the hands of every building committee, 
vestry, city corporation, or other similar body, having the selections 
of plans for building, and of every individual having in charge a 
similar duty. It is the only work with which we are acquainted 
especially prepared for their use. It should find its way to the 




shelves of every county library ; for by reference to its pages^/jj*^ 
of dollars may be saved in the selection of a prr 



style for 

court-houses, churches, and other public edifice? - . . ., .. 

"Nor, though not specially addressed &&*? profession, is it of 

Jess value to the architect. Therp * much m this volume which 

every member of the profe™**" would do well to study. 

" Of the numerous wood engravings which form the chief illus- 
trations of th i» volume, we cannot speak too highly. Till we ex- 
amined them, we were not aware to what perfection the art had been carried in our country. 
The effect of several of these (especially of the frontispiece by Roberts) is equal to that of the 
best steel engravings ; and the whole of the illustrations are exceedingly creditable to American 

14 



a. P. PUTNAM'S NEW PUBLICATIONS. 



SlrrjiitirtTO. ; 

CONTINUED. 

'•In point of mechanical execution we have rarely seen its equal."— N. Y. Mirror. 
" A very valuable book. * * * In point of typography and embellishment one of the vaiy 
Choicest volumes that ever issued from the American Press."— Albion. 

" Mr Owen is a clear 
thinker, and a man of 
great activity of mind, 
and these qualities have 
impressed themselves on 
his work, which is writ- 
ten with perspicuity and 
vivacity. The principles 
and sciences of architec- 
tural beauty are pointed 
out with much beauty of 
language and dexterity of 
illustration. 

" We understand that 
Mr. Putnam has expend- 
ed on this work many 
hundreds of dollars be- 
yond the amount speci- 
fied in his contract with 
the Smithsonian Institu- 
tion ; and as the copyright 
is his, we trust he will 
be amply remunerated 
for his liberality. "--iV. Y. 
Eve. Post. 

"The best work on 
Architecture ever pub- 
lished in the U. States. 
The illustrations are very 
beautiful." — Pennsylva- 
nia Inquirer. 

" The book is one which 
will be read with interest 
and pleasure even by 




those who have considered architecture 
1 The work is exceedingly interesting 



3 a dry study. 
_ while to public bodies it is one ot great value ; and we 
cannot say too much in commendation of the very superior style in which the publisher has pro- 
duced it."— N. Y. Com 
Adv. 

" The most compre- 
hensive and elegantly il- 
lustrated treatise on arch- 
itecture that has yet ap- 
peared in this country."— 
Boston Transcript. 

" A truly admirable 
work — and creditable a- 
like to the institution, to 
the editor, and to the 
publisher." — Pennsylva- 
nia Inquirer. 

" The subject of which 
it treats is one of vast 
importance to our peo- 

Ele, in its economical not 
;ss than its ornamental 
relations ; and it is pre- 
sented here in such a way 
as cannot fail both to 
gratify and instruct."^ 
Philadelphia N. Ameri- 
can. 




15 



G. P. PUTNAM'S NEW PUBLICATIONS. 



Tmfomyi (larbning, 




A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape 
Gardening and Rwral Architecture, 

Adapted to North America. With a view to the Improvement of Country 
Residences — comprising Historical Notices, and General Principles of the 
Art ; Directions for laying out Grounds and arranging Plantations; the 
Description and Cultivation of Hardy Trees ; Decorative Accompaniments 
to the House and Grounds ; the Formation of Pieces of Artificial Water, 
Flower Gardens, &c ; with Remarks on Rural Architecture. 



BY A. J. DOWNING. 

Fourth Edition, Revised, Enlarged, and Newly Illustrated, 
volume, 8vo., cloth, $3 50. 



One haudsome 




"John Bull looks at Brother Jonathan 
with a strange compound of feelings. He 
dislikes him as a rival ; he loves him, and 
is proud of him, as being, after all, of his 
own flesh and blood. But whenever, in 
science, art, or literature, Jonathan treads 
rather sharply on the heels of John, the 
said John bellows out most lustily. Of all 
the arts of the universe which were likely 
to be the ground of competition between 
progenitor and descendant, Landscape 
Gardening would, in this case, seem to be 
the last. "And yet, our American brethren, 
so far from being behind us in skill, en- 
thusiasm, or execution, seem to be taking 
the lead most decidedly. * * * There 
is now lying before us a thick octavo 
volume of about 500 pages, entitled 'A 
Treatise on the Theory and Practice of 
Landscape Gardening, adapted to North 



g. p. Putnam's new publications. 



Jiratanip dittoing, 



CONTINUED. 

America.' It is by A. J. Downing, author of 'Designs for Cottage Residences, &c.' * • • 
The volume itself is beautifully got up. It is full of admirably executed illustrations, represent 
in% very numerous landscape gardening and architectural effects. It has reached its second 
edition In 1844, although an expensive work ; a consummation which a similar treatise, published 
in England, by an English Landscape Gardener, could scarcely have hoped to reach. * * * So 
much for the present; details will come forth hereafter; and then, most excellent John Bull, 
you will see that this is no time to fold your arms, and loll in your chair, as if the race had been 
won and the prize already yours. You have not gained the victory, nor the prize."— London 
" Gardener's Chronicle," Edited by Prof. Lindley. 

" Mr. Downing has here produced a very delightful work, and has convinced us that sound 
criticism and refined taste, in matters of art, are not confined to this side of the Atlantic." — London 
Art Union Journal. 

"The principles he lays down are not only sound, but are developed on a uniform system 
which is not paralleled in any English work." — Prof. Lindley's Chronicle, London. 

" A masterly work."— Loudon. 

"There is no work extant which can be compared m ability to Downing's volume on this sub- 
ject. It is not overlaid with elaborate and learned disquisition, like the English works, but is 
truly practical." — Louisville Journal. 

"The standard work on this subject." — Silliman's Journal. 




3StEOTllIgtJ* 
Demo's System of Mineralogy. 

A System of Mineralogy — Comprising the most recent discoveries ; with 
numerous wood-cuts and four copper-plates. 

BY JAMES D. DANA, 

Geologist of the U. S. Exploring Expedition. 

The third Edition of this valuable and important work, with essential 
additions and revisions, bringing the subject down to the present hour — 
is now in the Press, and will be published shortly. 8vo., {$3 50. 
"This work does great honor to America, and should make us blush for the neglect in England 
of an important and interesting science."— London Athenanum. 

17 



a. p. ptjtnam's new publications. 



iriratifu Wmkk 

United States Exploring Expeditions ; 

SCIENTIFIC SERIES. 

Geology of the United States Exploring Expedition. 

BY PROF. JAMES D. DANA. 

In a magnificent quarto volume, illustrated with Maps and Woodcuts, and a 
Folio Atlas of 21 Plates, $15. 

Zoophiles. 

BY JAMES D. DANA. 

In a magnificent 4to volume, $15 ; accompanied by a splendid folio Atlas of 
61 Plates, colored in the most exquisite manner, half morocco, $30. 

The Races of Man. 

And their Geographical Distribution. 

BY CHARLES PICKERING. 

1 vol. 4to, illustrated with Colored Plates, $10. 

Ethnography and Philology. 

BY HORATIO HALE. 

In a magnificent quarto volume, $10. 



North American Sylva ; 

Or, A Description of the Forest Trees of the United States, Canada, and No- 
va Scotia, considered particularly with respect to their use in the Arts and 
their introduction into Commerce ; to which is added a description of the 
most useful of the European Forest Trees. Translated from the French of 

F. ANDREW MICHAUX. 

New Edition, Revised and Improved. 

With Notes by .T. J. Smith. Handsomely printed on fine paper, and illus- 
trated by 156 Engravings, colored in the most exquisite style. 3 vols, 
royal 8vo, cloth, $24. 



North American Sylva: The Continuation, 

BY THOMAS NUTTALL. 

Illustrated by 122 Plates, finely colored. 3 vols. 8va 
17a 



G. P. PUTNAM S NEW PUBLICATIONS. 



Important SBotatmal Wmk. 

The Genera of the Plants of the United States. 

Genera Florae Boreali-Orientali Illustrata : illustrated by Figures and Ana- 
lyses from Nature, by Isaac Sprague. Superintended, with descriptions, 
&c, by Prof. A. Gray. Vol. I, plates 1—100, 8vo, cloth, $6. Vol. II, 
plates, 8vo, cloth, $>6. 
•»" The Second volume will be ready in August. 

' The design of this work is to illustrate the Botany of the United States by figures, with full 
analyses of one or more species of each genus, accompanied by descriptive generic characters and 
critical observations. The figures are in all cases drawn directly from nature."— Ext. Preface. 

*,* This is undoubtedly the most important botanical work ever published in the United States. 
The Illustrations are executed in a very superior style. G. P. Putnam is now the sole publisher 
of the work. 



Flora of North America ; 

Containing Descriptions of all the known Indigenous and Naturalized Plants 
growing north of Mexico ; according to the Natural System. By Prof. 
John Torrey and Prof. A. Gray. Vol. I, 8vo, cloth, $6. 

The same, Part I to VI, each % 1 50 : Part VII, $»1. 

",* This elaborate and valuable work will form three volumes, octavo. The remainder will 
be issued as soon as practicable. 



Prof. Gray's Botanical Text Book, 

For Colleges and High Schools. New Edition, with about 1000 Engravings 
on Wood. Large l2mo, cloth, $1 75. 




Part I. — An Introduction to Structural and Physiological Botany. 
Part II. — The Principles of Systematic Botany ; with an Account of the Chief 
Natural Families of the Vegetable Kingdoms, &c. &c. 

*.* This is by far the most comprehensive, clear and correct text-book on Botany now in uae. 
It is introduced in the University of Edinburgh, and is used in Harvard and many other American 
Colleges. 

Prof. Gray's Manual of the B&tany of the Northern States. VZmo. $2. 

18 



g. p. putnam's new publications. 



©Mirington % ramp 3#wka. 

AUTHOR'S REVISED EDITION. 

Elegantly printed in 15 vols, (including new works) and neatly bound in dark cloin. 

I. Knickerbocker's New- York - - 1 vol. $1 25. 
II. The Sketch Book 1 vol. 1 25. 

in. j 

IY. V Columbus and His Companions 3 vols. 4 00. 

VI. Bracebridge Hall 
VII. TWes q/" a Traveller 
VIII. Astoria, (pp. 510 with map) - 
IX. T/ze Crayon Miscellany - 
X. Cap£. Bonneville } s Adventures, map 1 vol. 
XI. Oliver Goldsmith, a Biography 

^7-yjy' > Mahomet and his Successors 

*XIV. T%e Conquest of Granada - 
*XV. The Alhambra 
*XVI. [A new volume.] - - - 

* Those marked thus are not yet ready. 

\* Either volume, or complete sets may also be had substantially bound in half calf, 75 cts. 
extra ; half morocco $1 extra ; full calf, $1 25 extra. 

NOTICES OF THE NEW EDITION OF IRVING-. 

"The typography of this series is all that could be desired. Nothing superior to it has issued 
from the American press. Irving will be among American classics what Goldsmith is among 
those of the Fatherland. His works have not been crowded from our shelves by the hosts of new 
claimants for public favor, who have appeared since the Sketch Book was in every body's hands. 
We have often wondered in common with other readers, why there was no good American edition 
of his writings ; but his place in our literary affections remains as high as ever. The desideratum 
of which we speak, is now to be supplied by Mr. Putnam ; and we are now to have an elegant 
uniform edition of the works of our foremost writer in the belles-lettres department of literature." 
— Boston Evening Tt snscript. 

"The announcement that a new edition of the works of this admired author was in progress, 
has led us to revert with pleasure to the delight we enjoyed in our first acquaintance with him 
through his charming books. He was the first of American writers in the department of elegant 
literature who obtained a wide name and fame in the old world. Great Britain. France, Northern 
and Southern Europe, are alike familiar with his delightful and most healthful writings, and 
doubtless his own good standing abroad has done more than any other single cause to introduce 
the names and works of others of our countrymen. There is a charm aboufhis writings to which 
old and young, the educated and the simple, bear cheerful witness. * * * Several "new works 
have not yet'seen the light. Among these is announced a Life of Mohammed, and a Life of 
Washington As to the latter subjectTor a volume, we can only say, that if another Life of Wash- 
ington needs be written — which we doubt — we should prefer, of all men, to have Washington 
Irving undertake it. The other promised biography, the Life of Mohammed, is a grand, an unex 
hausted, and a most inviting theme. It has never yet been well treated, nor is it probable that 
there is a man on this Continent better qualified to treat it with discrimination and power, and 
with faithfulness to the truth, than Washington Irving. If our country can be covered with a 
large issue of his writings, it will make some amends for the flood of trumpery which the Press 
has poured over it." — Christian Register. 

"The most tasteful and elegant books which have ever issued from the American Press."— Trib, 

19 



- 1vol. 


1 25. 


1vol. 


1 25. 


- 1 vol. 


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1 vol. 


1 25. 


lap 1 vol. 


1 25. 


- 1 vol. 


1 25. 


2 vols. 


2 50. 


- 1 vol. 


1 25. 


1vol. 


1 25. 


- 1 vol. 


1 25. 



a. p. ptjt^am's new publications. 



FENIMCRE COOPER'S EARLY WORKS. 

THE AUTHOR'S REVISED EDITION. 

The Spy : a Tale of the Neutral Ground. 

New Edition. Revised, &c, with Introduction and Notes, handsomely 
printed, uniform with the Sketch-Book, &c. 12mo, cloth, $1 25. 



The Pilot : a Tale of the Sea. 

12mo, cloth, $1 25. 



The Hed Hover. 

12mo, cloth, $1 25. 



The Water Witch. 

12mo, cloth, $1 25. (In press.) 



The Two Admirals. 

12mo, cloth, $1 25. (In press.) 



Wing and Wing. 

12mo, cloth, $ 1 25. (In press.) 



MR. COOPER'S NEW WORK. 
The Ways of the Hour. 

12mo, uniform with " The Spy." 

" The public will cordially welcome a new and complete edition of this author's admirable taleg, 
revised, corrected, and illustrated with notes by himself. This is No. 1 of the new series, and is 
got up in the style of Irving's works, which we have over and over again commended. As for the 
tale itself, there is no need to speak of it. It has a place on every shelf, and at once made tlie fame 
of its author. It is an absolute pleasure to the lover of books to find the ultra-cheap system going 
out of vogue." — N. Y. Albion. 

" We are happy to see Mr. Putnam bringing out these American classics, the works of Cooper 
and Irving, to refresh the present generation as they amused the last. We belong, as their two 
fine authors do, to both, if men of a buoyant temper and an unflagging spirit ever pass from one 
generation to another. We remember, as of yesterday, with what eagerness we drank in the tale 
of ' The Spy,' when it first saw the light; and how we admired the genius of its author, from the 
beauty of its production. We can enjoy it still ; and so will every American who has taste enough 
to appreciate an American narrative, told so well by an American writer." — Washington Union. 

•* ' The Spy ' is the most truly national fiction ever produced in America. * * * It is esteemed 
abroad even more than at home, for it has been translated into almost every European language, 
and the prejudiced critics of the North British Review have almost consented to give it rank with 
' The Antiquary ' and ' Old Mortality.' " — Richmond Times. 

20 



g. p. putnam's new publications. 



38*1Ui tttim—Mm Ms. 

CONTINUED. 

MISS SEDGWICK'S WORKS. 

THE AUTHOR'S REVISED EDITION. 
Elegantly printed, uniform with the new editions of Irving, Cooper, &c. 

Clarence ; or, Twenty Years Since. 

With Portrait and Vignette. I2mo, cloth, $1 25. 



Hedwood: a Tale. 

With a new Portrait of Miss Sedgwick, from a Drawing by Miss Bremer. 
l2mo, cloth, $1 25. 



A New England Tale. 

1 vol. l2mo, cloth. (In press.) 

" It gives us great pleasure to announce that the works of Miss C. M. Sedgwick are now appear- 
ing in a dress worthy of their exalted worth. The author of" Redwood, Hope Leslie, Clarence, 
&c\, &c, is popular, not only in this country, but in Great Britain; and her works, wherever cir- 
culated, do essential service to the cause of American letters." 

" This series is designed to embrace the complete works of Miss Sedgwick, who has not been 
inaptly called ' the American Edgeworth.' Clarence possesses a very high degree of merit, and 
well deserves to be widely known and admired, as a picture of American life at a remote period 
of our national career." 

" It is now nearly twenty years since ' Clarence ' first made its appearance, and it was then re- 
ceived with great favor. Since that time the public taste has undergone a considerable change, 
and perhaps not for the better. The licentious novels of Geo. Sand, and others of the French 
school, with their sophistical philosophy, shallow philanthropy, and attractive vice, have imparted 
a morbid desire for excitement, that has more or less vitiated the public taste, and we fear, render- 
ed less attractive the American spirit, moral tone, and amiable philosophy, which distinguish the 
works of Miss Sedgwick, clothed though they are with a grace of style, the want of which, in some 
of the foreign works to which we allude, is supplied with rose-colored vice. We trust, however, 
that the picturesque delineations of New England manners will not, in our moral and sober-mind- 
ed community, be abandoned for the tinsel of British society, or the glare of Parisian vice." — 
Democratic Review. 



Biographia Liter aria ; 

Or, Biographical Sketches of my Literary Life and Opinions. 
BY SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE. 

From the Second London Edition, prepared for publication by the Hon. Henry 
Nelson Coleridge. 2 vols. l2mo. $2. 

"His mind contains an astonishing mass of all sorts of knowledge, while in his power and man- 
ner of putting it to use, he displays more of what we mean by the term genius than any mortal I 
ever saw, or ever expect to see."— John Foster. 



Hood^s Poems. 

Poems. 

BY THOMAS HOOD. 

1 vol. 12mo, cloth, 75 cts. ; cloth gilt, $1. 
This is a companion volume to Hood's " Prose and Verse," comprising all the 
Poems not in, that volume. The two volumes together contain all Hood's 
Poems and the best of his Prose writings. 

21 



a. p. putnam's new publications. 



%iM tiWrn—lm itek 



CONTINUED. 



MISS BREMER'S WORKS. 

THE AUTHOR'S EDITION. 

The Neighbors : a Tale of Thery Day Life. 

A New and Revised Edition, with an Introduction written expressly for this 
Edition by Miss Bremer. 12mo, cloth. Uniform with Irving's, Cooper's, 
and Sedgwick's Works ; and Illustrated with Portrait, and View of the 
Author's Residence. $1. 



Home. 

1 vol. 12mo, $1. (To be followed by other volumes at intervals.) 

"Miss Bremer's Works have found a home and a fireside welcome in the United States, above 
those of most any other author of late in the field of literature, and we are glad to see that Mr. 
Putnam is about to give them a more permanent form than that in which they were first presented 
to the public." 

" One of the very best domestic novels that we have ever read. A good library edition of Miss 
Bremer's works has long been wanted."— N. Y. Mirror. 

"The chief excellence and attraction of Miss Bremer's writings lies in the genial play of the 
domestic affections over their every page, which makes home a charmed spot — the centre of earthly 
joys. She pictures to the life the "simple, happy homes of her native country, and therein paints 
also what is common to the homes of affection and happiness every where. There is, too, diffused 
througn her pages a sympathy with the humbler classes of society, with the poor, the depressed, 
the wronged, which sometimes makes her simple tale a powerful plea for social reform. This fea- 
ture of her writings has attracted to Miss Bremer many hearts in this land of freedom and of do- 
mestic joy, and we doubt not that in her present visit to" America she will be welcomed to many a 
home which has been enlivened by her graceful and instructive stories of Swedish life, and will 
find that true homes and true hearts are in their essential features every where the same. It is a 
gratifying circumstance, in connection with this visit, that Mr. Putnam has commenced the publi- 
cation of a new and uniform edition of Miss Bremer's works, revised by herself, and has given her 
' the privileges of a native author.' This act, at once just and generous, will doubtless be appre- 
ciated by the public." — Independent. 



GOLDSMITH'S WORKS. 
The Works of Oliver Goldsmith ; 

Including a Variety of Pieces now first collected. 
BY JAMES PRIOR. 

Complete in 4 vols. l2mo, elegantly printed, uniform in style with Irving, 
Cooper, &.c. With Vignettes engraved on steel. Cloth, $5. 

" The book will embrace quite a library in itself; and the polished style of the accomplished 
author should become a model to the careless scribblers of the present day. The typography of 
the work is beautiful." — N. Y. Mirror. 

" For commencing an American edition of Prior's Miscellaneous Works of Goldsmith, Mr. Put- 
nam will be thanked by many a man of letters throughout the country." — Boston Post. 

" Any thing and every thing written by the genial Goldsmith is not only worthy of preservation 
on our shelves, but valuable as a model of pure English and classic beauty."— Newark Daily Adv. 

" The Miscellaneous Works of Goldsmith is a reprint of the English edition of Dr. Prior, and 
the only complete collection of the writings of a man, to use the language of Dr. Johnson, ' of such 
variety of powers, and such felicity of performance, that he always seemed to do best that which 
he was doing : a man who had the art of being minute without tediousness, and general without 
confusion ; whose language was copious without exuberance, exact without constraint, and easy 
without weakness.' " 

" Both in prose and verse, no writer can be more fitly placed among the English classics, than 
Goldsmith. We are rejoiced, flooded as we are by so many worthless publications, to see so ex- 
cellent an edition of his collected works."— Christian Inquirer. 

22 



GL P. PUTNAM'S NEW PUBLICATIONS. 



%tllw tttlm—Mm Stork 

CONTINUED. 

Orations, and Occasional Discourses, 

BY REV. GEORGE W. BETHUNE, D.D. 

1 vol. 12mo, cloth, $ 1 25. 

" Every admirer of true and fervid eloquence, devoted to practical and elevated purpose, will 
hail this volume with unqualified pleasure. * * * This elegant volume meets our want and 
general desire : and oftentimes will the intelligent youpg man, and the man of more mature expe- 
rience, take it from the library-shelf, and revive the heart at its perusal." — Comercial Adv. 

" Containing an illustration of American Literature, of which our countrymen may feel justly 
proud, and as furnishing rich intellectual repasts for leisure hours."— N. Y. Recorder. 

"We would wish that they might be read attentively by all in our country." — N. Y. Evangelist. 

" No affectation, no transcendentalism, but the most manly good sense expressed in a style a» 
pure and transparent as it is fresh and vigorous." — Methodist Quarterly Review, 



The Shakspeare Calendar ; 

Or, Wit and Wisdom for Every Day in the Year. 
EDITED BY W. C. RICHARDS. 

In a very neat volume, 32mo, cloth, 38 cts. ; cloth gilt, 63 cts. 



The Fathers of New England : 

An Oration before the New England Society, New- York, Dec. 21, 1849. 
BY REV. HORACE BUSHNELL, D.D. 

12mo, paper, 12£ ; cloth limp, 25 cts. 



Auricular Confession in the Prot. Episcopal Church. 

A Series of Letters to a Friend in North Carolina. 
BY A PROTESTANT EPISCOPALIAN. 

l2mo, paper, 25 cts. ; cloth limp, 31 cts. 



The Iliad of Homer ; with Flaxmarfs Designs. 
Homer's Iliad. 

TRANSLATED BY WILLIAM COWPER. 

Edited by Robert Southey, LL.D. With Notes by M. A. Dwight. A splen- 
did edition on large paper. Illustrated with Twelve Engravings in Out- 
line, from Designs by Flaxman. Royal 8vo, cloth, $3 ; cloth gilt, 
$3 50 ; also a cheaper edition for schools, $1 25. 



Rural Sours : Aspects of Nature in the Four Seasons 

12mo, cloth. 
23 



G. p. putnam's new publications. 



38rUM ittixm—Mm Wuh. 



CONTINUED 



American Historical and Literary Curiosities ; 

Consisting of Fac-sirailes of original Documents relating to the Events of the 
Revolution, &c, &c. ; with a Variety of Reliques, Antiquities, and Modern 
Autographs. Collected and edited by John Jay Smith and John J. Wat- 
son. 1 vol. small folio, half morocco, gilt edges, $6. 

"This rare and curious book consists of a great variety of historical and literary curiosities, such 
as would delight the antiquary, collected with care and labor, and arranged with taste in a splendid 
volume." — Providence Journal. 



St. Leger ; or, The Threads of Life. 

SECOND edition. 
1 vol. 12mo, cloth, $1. 

" We have read it with a more absorbed interest than has been awakened by any fiction that 
has come under our notice for a long time. * * It is a strange, wild narrative. * * The inci- 
dents strung together are bold, striking, and original. * * The most successful debut in fiction 
that has occurred in this country for many years." — Phila. Evening Bulletin. 

"The author is evidently well schooled in German metaphysics, but holds that the proper study 
of mankind is man : he is a thinker, and has not only the power to set others to thinking, but of 
uttering for others thoughts for which they have never found a tongue." — Boston Transcript. 

" It is a book of power. Its author has genius ; genius for description, for character, and dia- 
logue." — Boston Post. 

" Full of thought and sentiment, of a thoroughly original cast, and will make a permanent im- 
pression on the public mind." — Commercial Adv. 

" Abounding in the most thrilling interest in narrative and maxim." — Metropolis. 

" The book exhibits much power on the part of the author." — Boston Times. 

" Contains many beautiful thoughts, expressed in an agreeable manner." — Cambridge Chronicle. 



The King of t-he Hurons. 

By the Author of " The First of the Knickerbockers." 
l2mo, cloth, $1 ; paper, 75 cts. 

" The best strictly American novel we have read for a long while. As leaf after leaf of pleasing 
description, happy narrative, and quiet humor was turned backwards beneath our fingers, we 
yielded. to the fascinating interest of the tale, and soon found ourselves floating buoyantly and 
swiftly along on the wings of imagination, as, when twenty years younger, one of Cooper's best sto- 
ries seduced us from our gravest duties to wander with him over ocean~and prairie. So we read on 
and on, enjoying once more our youth's paradise, ' a sofa by the fireside and the last new novel,' 
until we reached that worst of all pages in it — the final one." — Literary World. 

" In every respect a clever and spirited book" — " destined to be read with pleasure wherever it 
finds admittance." — Boston Post. 

" It is a book which will be read with unflagging interest to the end, and will leave the impres- 
sion on the mind of the reader that the author is entitled to a high rank among the writers of ro- 
mantic fiction."— Baltimore Patriot. 

"Abounds in the most stirring events, described in the most graphic manner." — Prov. Journal. 



(by the same author.) 

The First of the Knickerbockers. 

Second edition. 12mo, 75 cts 

The Young jPafroon. 

12mo, 50 cts. 
24 



g. p. putnam's new publications. 



Mlm IMot— Jtot KJnrk 

CONTINUED. 

EXTRAORDINARY AND ROMANTIC ADVENTURES. 

"Kaloolah will be the b>)ok." 

Kaloolah ; or, Jburneyings to the DjeJbel Kumri. 

An Autobiography of Jona. Romer. 

EDITED BY W. S. MAYO, M. D. 

12mo, cloth, $1 25 ; also a cheap edition, double columns, paper covers, 50 cts. 

" The most singular and captivating narrative since Robinson Crusoe."— Home Journal. 

" ' Kaloolah will be ' The Book.' If it does not excite a sensation in the reading public we will 
be perfectly contented to distrust our judgment in such matters in future."— Merchant's Journal. 

" By far the most attractive and entertaining book we have read since the days we were fasci 
nated by the chef d'ceuvre of Defoe or the graceful inventions of the Arabian Nights. It is truly an 
American novel — not wholly American in scenery, but American in character and American ip 
sentiment " — U. S. Magazine and Democratic Review. 

•'We have never read a work of fiction with more interest, and we may add, profit — combining 
as it does, with the most exciting and romantic adventures, a great deal of information of various 
kinds. The heroine, Kaloolah, is about as charming and delicate a specimen of feminine nature, 
as we recollect in any work of imagination or fancy. We will answer for it that all readers will 
be perfectly delighted with her." — Journal of Education. • 

" We have met with no modern work of fiction that has so entranced us. The former part of 
Kaloolah carries the reader captive by the same irresistible charm that is found in the pages of 
Robinson Crusoe, than which imperishable work, however, it presents a wider and more varied 
field of adventure ; while the latter part expands into scenes of splendor, magnificence, and eo- 
chantment, unsurpassed by those of the Arabian Nights' Entertainment." — Com. Advertiser. 



Letters from the Alleghany Mountains. 

BY CHARLES LANMAN, 

Librarian of the War Department ; Author of " A Summer in the Wilderness" Sfc. 

12mo, 75 cts. 

** These letters are descriptive of one of the most interesting regions in the old states of tha 
Union, which has never before been described by any traveller, and they will be found to contain a 
great amount of valuable information, as well as many characteristic anecdotes and legends of 
the western parts of North and South Carolina, Georgia, and Tennessee. 



The Turkish Evening Mitertainments : 

The Wonders of Memorials and the Rarities of Anecdotes. By Ahmed Bef 
Hempen, the Kiyaya. Translated from the Turkish. 

BY JOHN P. BROWN, ESQ., 

Dragoman of the Legation of the United States, at Constantinople. 
12mo. cloth, $1. 

" It is by far the most interesting book that has been published at Constantinople for a long time. 
• * * The historical and amusing interest of the two hundred and seven curiosities, which I 
might call anecdotes, is so obvious," &c. — Von Hammer, the celebrated Orientalist, to the 
Translator. 

u This book is one of the most interesting and amusing which has appeared."— Jour. Asiatiqut. 

25 



g. p. putnam's imw publications. 



Buhver and Forbes on the Water Treatment 

Edited, with additional matter, by Roland S. Houghton, A. M., M. D. One 

volume, l2mo, cloth, 75 cts. ■'■• 

CONTENTS. 
I. Bulwer's " Confessions of a Water Patient." II. Dr. Forbes on Hydropathy. III. Remarks 
on Bathing and the Water Treatment, by Erasmus Wilson, M. D., F. R. S., author of ' ; Wilson's 
Anatomy," '-' Wilson on Healthy Skin," &c. IV. Medical Opinions, by Sir Charles Scudamore, 
Herbert Mayo, Drs. Cooke, Freeman, Heathcote, &c. V. Observations on Hygiene and the Water 
Treatment, by the Editor. 

The object of this work is to interest literary and professional men, and all other persons of se- 
dentary habits or pursuits in the subject of Hygiene and the Water Treatment, to attract their 
attention to the importance of acquiring a correct knowledge of Health, with a view to the rre- 
vention and cure of disease by Hygienic management, ard to define those leading general princi- 
ples which lie at the basis of genuine Water Cure. 



Essays and Orations. 

Br Rev. George W. Bethunf, D. D. 
One volume, l2mo. cloth, $1 25. 

This volume will comprise all the popular occasional Orations and Discourses of the distin- 
guished author ; and the variety and importance of the subjects discussed are such as to render the 
volume exceedingly interesting and attractive to the general reader. 



Coleridge's Liographia Literaria. 

Biographia Literaria ; or Biographical Sketches of my Literary Life and Opi- 
nions. By Samuel Taylor Coleridge. From the 2d London edition, pre- 
pared for publication by the late H. N. Coleridge*. 2 vols. l2mo. $2. 

"His mind contains an astonishing map of all sorts of knowledge, while in his power and man- 
ner of putting it to use, he displays more of what we mean by the term genius than any mortal I 
ever saw, or ever expect to see."— John Foster. 



A Lift for the Lazy ; 

Second edition, revised and enlarged, neatly printed in duodecimo, 75 cts. 
"They have been at a great feast of languages and stolen the scraps."— Shakspeart. 

u^\? h ™ I, !}"™ 3 ' P rinte ;3 in a novel style, comprises comprehensive and original materials for 
J able lalk '—such as literary anecdotes and statistics, origin of words, philological curiosities, 
quaint scraps from old authors, strange customs, odd sayings ; in short, as a commonplace book 
pi ar. extensive reader and shrewd observer it is a most acceptable "lift" for those who are too 
lazy or too busy to read whole libraries for themselves. 



The Fountain of Living Waters. 

BY A LAYMAN. 

In a neat and elegant presentation volume, with a Vignette. Neat 32mo, 
cloth gilt, 75 cts. 

" And the Spirit and the Bride say, Come ; 
And let him that heareth say, Come : 
And let him that is athirst, Come ; 
And whosoever will, let him take of the water of life freely." 

Rev. 22: 17 

26 



o. p. Putnam's new publications. 



The Illustrated Knickerbocker ; 

The History of New-York, 
From the Beginning of the World to the end of the Dutch Dynasty: containing, 
among many surprising and curious matters, the Unutterable Ponderings 
of Walter the Doubter ; the Disastrous Projects of William the Testy, and 
the Chivalric Achievements of Peter the Headstrong— the Three Dutch 
Governors of New- Amsterdam : Being the only authentic History of tha 
Times that ever hath been or ever will be published. 

BY DIEDRICH KNICKERBOCKER. 

Illustrated with 15 superior engravings on wood, by the most eminent artists, 
from Designs by Darley, viz : 

Portrait of Diedrich Knickerbocker, from an 



Oloffe Van Kortland measuring the land with 
Tenbroeck' s breeches. 

Vision of Oloffe the Dreamer, of the future 
city of New- Amsterdam. 

The Peach War. 

Portrait of Wouter Van Twiller,from authen- 
tic sources. Kiddermeisten in his Coffin. 

Gen. Van Poffenburg, practicing war on the Battle at Fort Christina. 

Sunflowers. Knickerbocker raging at the crying children 



original painting lately discovered by the 

Expedition to Holland. 
The Dutch Exploring Expedition cast away 

at Hurlgate. 
Dutch Lover. 



Knickerbocker making his bow to the public. ~ 
And a larger illustration on stone, from a drawing by Heath, of London ; 

a humorous representation of Peter Stuyvesant's Army. 
Elegantly printed in Royal Octavo. Price in cloth, $3 50 ; extra dark cloth, 
gilt edges, $4 ; morocco extra, $6 ; morocco and calf, bevelled an- 
tique, $7. 



The Illustrated Sketch-Book. 

The Sketch-Book. 

BY WASHINGTON IRVING. 

Illustrated with a series of highly-finished Engravings on Wood, from Designs 

by Darley and others, Engraved in the best style by Childs, Herrick, &c. 

One volume, square octavo, cloth extra, $3 50 ; cloth gilt, $4 ; morocco 

extra, $6. 

" We confess that we know of none in this country so competent to the task of illustrating thia 

work as the young artist selected for the purpose, Felix Darley, some of whose designs we have 

had the pleasure of seeing. They are full of the quiet, Crayonish humor peculiar to the author, 

and drawn with the same elegant finish and freedom from blemish which distinguish all his works. 

Until we saw these designs we were incredulous as to the ability of any of our native artists to 

properly illustrate the humorous passages of Irving's writings."— Evening Min-or. 



The Illustrated Tales of a Traveller. 

Tales of a Traveller. 

BY WASHINGTON IRVING. 

Illustrated with 15 designs by Darley, engraved on wood in the first style by 
Childs, Herrick, Leslie, Bobbet, Edmonds, &c. One volume, Royal 8vo, 
same style and prices as the Knickerbocker. 
,* It is intended that the engravings in this volume and in the Knickerbocker shall exceed in 
excellence any thing of the kind yet produced in this country. 

27 



G. P. PUTNAM^ MW PUBLICATIONS. 

CONTINUE!) 

The Illustrated Goldsmith. 

Oliver Goldsmith, a Biography. 
BY WASHINGTON IRVING. 

With about 40 Illustrations selected by the publisher from Forster's Life of 
Goldsmith, beautifully engraved on wood by W. Roberts. 8vo, cloth, 
$2 50 ; cloth, gilt, $3 ; morocco, $ 6. 



Family Pictures from the Bible. 

EDITED BY MRS. E. F. ELLETT. 

Comprising original articles by Rev. Dr. Bethune, Rev. H. Field, Rev. Mr. 
Burchard, and other Eminent Divines. 

12mo, cloth, 75 cts. ; gilt extra, $1 25 



Tlie Illustrated Monuments of Egypt. 

Egypt and Its Monuments. 

As Illustrative of Scripture History. 

BY REV. DR. HAWKS. 

With Architectural and other Views finely executed on stone, and numerous 
engravings on wood, from the works of Rossellini, Champollion, Wilkin- 
son, &c. Royal 8vo. half morocco, $4. 



The Illustrated Nineveh. 

Layard 1 s Nineveh and its Remains. 

With 103 Illustrations on wood and on stone. 2 vols, in one, handsomely 
bound in half morocco, gilt edges, $5 ; calf extra, antique style, $6. 



Tlie Illustrated Italy. 

The Genius of Italy, 

Or Sketches of Italian Life, Literature and Religion. 

BY REV. ROBERT TURNBULL. 

With views of Milan Cathedral, the Roman Forum, Pompeii, St. Peters, and 
the Lake of Como, beautifully engraved on wood, elegantly bound in 
extra cloth, gilt edges, $>2. 

28 



a. p. Putnam's new publications. 



(Cjjnto Sltaatabi %nh. 



CONTINU ED 



Tlie Illustrated Pilgrim! s Progress. 



New and beautiful edition of Pilgrim's Progress, (in an elegant volume, uni- 
form with Tilt's Illustrated Milton, &c.) To be published simultaneously 
by David Bogue, London, and Geo. P. Putnam, New- York, a new and 
beautifully Illustrated Edition of Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress ; with a 
new, original Life of Bunyan, written expressly for this Edition, by Rev. 
George B. Cheever, D. D. The whole containing from 250 to 300 Illus- 
trations, exquisitely Engraved on Wood, by the best Engravers in London, 
from Original Drawings by an Eminent Artist, and Printed in the best 
Style of the Art. In one elegant volume. 

prospectus. 

In introducing to public notice a new edition of The Pilgrim's Progress — the most popular book 
In the English Language— it is unnecessary to expatiate on the merits so universally admitted aa 
those of the 

" Ingenious dreamer ! m whose well-told tale 
Sweet fiction and sweet truth alike prevail." 

The publisher, therefore, confines himself to a simple enumeration of the mam features by which 
the present edition will be distinguished. 

This distinction is threefold : 

1st. In the Purity of the Text. It will be printed from the latest editions published in the 
author's lifetime, containing his last revisions and alterations. For this purpose the extremely 
rare edition of the first part, published in 1688, has been placed at the publisher's disposal by the 
diligent researches of George Offor, Esq. of Hackney, whose library contains, amongst other trea- 
sures, an unrivalled collection of early editions of Bunyan. Most of the ordinary editions of this 
divine allegory are very erroneous ; and printed as they have been from one another, without 
reference to the originals, show alterations and omissions altogether at variance with the Author's 
text.t 

2d. In the absence of Notes. With very few exceptions, all the recent editions of the Pilgrim 
are encumbered with tedious doctrinal notes, overlaying the text, and distracting the attention of 
the reader from the original narrative. From these this edition will be altogether free. The work 
will be laid before the "reader as Bunyan left it; the only variations will consist in the correction 
and verification of the marginal references, which, from errors of the press, are in the early 
editions frequently inaccurate. 

3d. In the Illustrations. In the present edition these are greatly more numerous and of a higher 
class, than have ever been given with the work. They will range from Two Hundred and Fifty 
to Three Hundred in number, engraved by the Brothers Dalziel, from Drawings by William Har- 
vey, the most graceful and imaginative of modern designers, and will consist of Head and Tail Pieces, 
Vignettes, and Border Illustrations, in all that variety of pictorial arrangement for which this artist 
is so celebrated. A beautifully engraved Portrait of the Author will also be given from the origi- 
nal drawing, by R. White, preserved in the British Museum ; from which was engraved the like- 
ness attached to the first edition of the Holy War (now extremely rare). This will be engraved on 
jteel, in the line manner, by Mr. H. Bourne, forming at once the finest and most authentic Portrait 
of Bunyan ever published. 

The Work will be printed in crown octavo, in the best manner, and will be published in Monthly 
Parts, price 25 cents each. Part I. will appear in a few days. 

Each Part will contain Forty pages of Letterpress, and from Twenty-five to Thirty Engravings 
on Wood. 

The Work will be complete in about Ten, but not exceeding Twelve, Parts. 

*.* A few Copies, printed on Large Paper (price 21. 2s. or $10), with the finest impressions of 
the Cuts ir. their best state. As these will be issued only in a complete form, persons desirous to 
possess them should at once forward their names to the publisher. 

t A few specimens of these inaccuracies are given in a separate Prospcetus, with a specimen of 
the work, which will be supplied (gratis) en application. 

N.B—TO THE T*?ADE.— The first number will be forwarded generally as 
a Specimen, on sale ; but no future number will be sent unless actually ordered. 

29 



o. p. Putnam's new publications. 



tftymr* Sitastatei %nh. 



CONTINUED. 



Lays of the Western World. 



Contents :— " Love's Requiem," by Charles Fenno Hoffman ; " The Mother of Moses," by Mrs. 
Osgood ; " The Land of Dreams," by Wm. C. Bryant ; " Lees in the Cur of Life," by Mrs. S. G. 
Howe ; " The Night Cometh," by Mrs. Embury ; " The Tournament at Acre," by H. W. Her- 
bert; "Greenwood," by Miss Pindar ; " Worship," by Miss Bayard ; "The Child's Mission," by 
Mrs. Embury. 

Small folio, illuminated in the most superb manner by Mapleson, with Borders and Vignettes — 
printed in Gold, Silver, and Colors — bound in morocco, in a massive style — forming the most 
elegant and recherche book of the kind ever produced in this country. $12. 



Oriental Life Illustrated ', 



Being a New Edition of " Eothen," or, Traces of Travel Brought Home from 
the East. Illustrated with fine Steel Engravings. l2mo, cloth, extra 
gilt, $1 50. 



Illustrated Grecian and Roman Mythology. 

BY M. A. DWIGHT. 

With Preface by Prof. Ta.yler Lewis, of the University of New-York. 17 
Illustrations. 1 vol. 8vo, cloth extra, half morocco, top edge gilt, $3 75 ; 
cloth, gilt edges, $3 50 ; plain $3. 



Poems. 

BY ANNE CHARLOTTE LYNCH. 

Illustrated by Durand, Huntington, Darley, Dugan, Rothermel, <fcc. &c. 
One volume, 8vo. Elegantly printed on superfine paper, uniform with 
the Illustrated Editions of Willis, Bryant, Longfellow, &c. Cloth, $1 50 ; 
gilt extra, $2 ; morocco extra, $3. 



A Look of the Hudson ; 



Collected from the Various Writings of Diedrich Knickerbocker. Edited by 
Geoffrey Crayon. New edition in large type, with four Illustrations, 
"^mo, 50 cents. 
The Cheaper Edition, without plates, smaller type, 37£ cents. 
" One of the most delightful vr^rks in the language." — Boston Transcript. 
"Summer Tourists on the Hudson can find no pleasanter companion than this." 
" A happy idea this of bringing together in a volume, for the pocket, the scattered tales and 
sketches of the Hudson, which fill so many attractive pages in the different, volumes of Washing- 
ton Irving. The man is to be envied who, with a 'jtnmer dry before him, embarks on one of 
the floating palaces of the river with this choice volume for his companion, as he is borne along 
the ample breadth of the Tappan Sea, by the walls of the Palisades, or threads the grand defiles 
of the Highlands lie will be put in a mood for the most exquisi',e enjoyment of book and la»d» 
acape as he glances from one to the other." — Lit. World. 

30 



g. p. putnam's new publications. 



dfottw ^Dpular ffotattttfi for tymnfia. 

ELEGANTLY BOUND IN EXTRA CLOTH, GILT EDGES. 
Those marked thus * are New Editions, with illuminated title-pages. 

* Chaucer : Selections, by Deshler - 

* Fouquds Undine and Sintram 

* Gilman's Sibyl ; or, New Oracles from Poets 

* Goldsmith 's Vicar of Wakefield, illustrated 

* Hervey's Book of Christmas - 

* HowiWs {Mary) Songs and Ballads, with portrait 1 25. 

* Hood's Prose and Verse - 

* Hunfs Italian Poets - - - - 

* Hunfs Imagination and Fancy 
Irving } s Sketch-Book - 
Irving 's Bracebridge Hall - 
Irving } s Tales of a Traveller 
Irving' s Oliver Goldsmith, a Biography 

* Keats' Poetical Works - 

* Keats 1 Life and Letters - 

* Lamb's Dramatic Poets - 

* Lamb's Essays of Elia - 

* Oriental Life Illustrated, plates - 



lac 


h 12mo. 


*1 


00. 


1 


00. 


1 


50. 


1 


00. 


1 


00. 


1 


25. 


1 


50. 


1 


75. 


1 


00. 


1 


75. 


1 


75. 


1 


75. 


1 


75. 


1 


25. 


1 


50. 


1 50. 


1 50. 


1 50. 



Green on Bronchitis. 

SECOND EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED. 

A Treatise on Diseases of the Air-Passages; Comprising an Inquiry into the 
History, Causes, and Treatment of those Affections of the Throat, called 
Bronchitis, Chronic Laryngitis, Clergyman's Sore Throat, &c. &c. 

BY HORACE GREEN, A.M., M.D., &c. 

Plates improved and carefully Colored. Royal 8vo, gilt tops, $3. 

" The Author has made a most valuable addition to practical medicine. * * * We have 
adopted the mode of treatment recommended by him, ana can corroborate his statements as to its 
great value." — British and Foreign Medical Review. 

" Written with so much care and excellent arrangement as to be quite intelligible to the unprofes- 
sional reader." — N. Y. Eve. Post. 

"Without doubt the remedy over all others." — N. Y. Eve. Mirror. 

"Ably written, and shows a man thoroughly master of his profession."—^. Y. Observer. 

31 



g. p. Putnam's new publications. 



to-locfe foe Cnlkgw anh liglj Itjjrok 

jTAtf Practical Elocutionist, 

For Colleges, Academies, and High Schools. 

BY JOHN W. S. HOWS, 

Professor of Elocution in Columbia College. 

%* This work is confidently recommended to the attention of the Teaching Public, and intelli- 
gent students, for its thorough practical character. 

It comprises the Author's system of Elocutionary Instruction, which, during a long course of 
successful professional practice, has been most satisfactorily tested and stamped by public ap- 
proval. 

A close analytical dissection of the sense and construction of language is made the leading prin- 
ciple of instruction, rather than a servile adherence to elaborate mechanical rules. Nature is at 
all times followed as the only sure Teacher. The perceptive and reasoning powers of the Pupil 
are constantly brought into action, and the few essential rules of the art are so simplified and 
adapted on these principles, as to become only the subordinate auxiliaries in the acquirement of an 
earnest, natural, and unaffected mode of delivery. 

A copious and varied selection of Examples, from the best Authors, are given for practice in the 
illustration of the system, the larger portion of which have never before been incorporated into 
any similar work. They will be found of an uniform high-toned character, and will furnish to the 
youthful Pupil a vocabulary of thought and information on topics of general importance and in- 
terest. 

Large 12mo. $1. 



The Crayon Heading Book ; 

Comprising Selections from the various Writings of 

WASHINGTON IRVING. 

Prepared for the use of Schools. l2mo. 75 cts. 

*.* This volume comprises a series of scenes, adventures, sketches of character, and historical 
pictures from the Life of Columbus, Astoria, Tour on the Prairies, Granada, Bracebridge Hall, 
Sketch Book, «fcc, arranged so as to form an acceptable and useful reading book for the higher 
classes in schools and academies. 



The Botanical Text-Book. 

BY PROF. A. GRAY, 

Of Harvard College. 

With 1000 Engravings on wood. New edition, 12mo, $1 75. [See page 11.] 

" The best elementary view of the vegetable kingdom. 3 '— Silliman's Journal. 



Prof. DandJs System of Mineralogy ; 

Comprising the most recent discoveries. New edition, 8vo, $3 50. [See p. 13.] 



A Chemical Text-Book. 

BY WOLCOTT GIBBS. 

Professor of Chemistry in the Free Academy, Nete- York. 

l2mo. In preparation. 

32 



a. p. putnam's new publications. 



€t&-%U& for (CnlUgBB nn& Sigji Irjjimk 

CONTINUED. 

^1 Mythological Text-Booh : 

With original illustrations. Adapted to the use of Universities and High Schools, 
and for popular reading. 

BY M. A. DWIGHT. 

With an Introduction by Tayler Lewis, Professor of Greek in the University 

of New- York. 12mo, half bound $1 50. 
Also, a fine edition in octavo, with illustrations, cloth, $3 ; cloth gilt, $3 50 ; 

half morocco, top edge gilt, $3 75. 

" * This work has been prepared with great care, illustrated with effective outline drawings, 
and is designed to treat the subject in an original, comprehensive, and unexceptionable manner, so 
as to fill the place, as a text-book, which is yet unsupplied ; while it is also an attractive and 
readable table book for general use. It is introduced as a text-book in many of the leading colleges 
and schools. 

" As a book of reference for the general reader, we know not its equal. The information it con- 
tains is almost as necessary to the active reader of modern literature, as for the professed scholar." 
— Home Journal. 

" A valuable addition to our elementary school books, being written in good taste and with ability, 
and well adapted to popular instruction.— Prof. Webster, Principal of the Free Academy, N. Y, 



Cods Drawing Cards. 

Studies in Drawing, in a Progressive Series of Lessons on Cards ; beginning 
with the most Elementary Studies, and adapted for use at Home and in 
Schools. 

BY BENJAMIN H. COE, 

Teacher of Drawing. 

In ten Series — marued 1 to 10 — each containing about eighteen Studies. 
25 cents each Series. 

The design is : 
I. To make the exercise in drawing highly interesting to the pupil. 
II. To make drawings so simple, and so gradually progressive, as to enable any teacher, whether 

acquainted with drawing or not, to instruct his pupils to advantage. 
m. To take the place of one half of the writing lessons, with confidence that the learner will 

acquire a knowledge of writing in less time than is usually required. 
IV. To give the pupils a bold, rapid, and artist-like style of drawing. 

They are executed with taste and skill, and form, in our judgment, one of the best series of lea- 
eons in drawing, which we have met with. The author justly remarks, that " the whole is so sim- 
plified as to enable any teacher, without previous study, to instruct his pupils with advantage." 



$L & 3L 3Biltfarai tet~$nut 

An Elementary Treatise on Artillery and Tnfant/ry, 

Adapted for the Service of the United States. Designed for the use of Cadet* 
of the U. S. Military Academy, and for the Officers of the Independent 
Companies and Volunteers. 12mo. 

BY C. P. KINGSBURY, LIEUT. U. S. A. 

%" This volume is used as a text-book in the United States Military Academy, and will be intro- 
duced in the other military schools. It is the most useful and comprehensive treatise in either 
French or English ; and is equally adapted for use in the militia service and in the army. 

33 



g. p. putnam's new publications. 



$ttgfo-$OIDlU 



Anglo-Saxon Cowrse of Study. 

A Compendious Anglo-Saxon and English Dictionary. 

By the Rev. Joseph Bosworth, D.D., F.R.S., &c, &c. 1 vol., 8vo, 

cloth, $3. 

A Grammar of the Anglo-Saxon Language. 

By Louis F. Klipstein, A.M., LL.M., and Ph. D., of the University of 
Giessen. 12mo, cloth, $1 25. 

Tha Halgan Godspel on Englisc. 

The Anglo-Saxon Version of the Holy Gospels. Edited by Benjamin 
Thorpe, F.S.A. Reprinted by the same. 12mo,yoth, $1 25. 

Analecta Anglo- Saxonica, 

With an Introductory Ethnological Essay, and Notes, Critical and Ex- 
planatory. By Louis F. Klipstein, A.M., LL.M., an^ Ph. D., of the 
University of Giessen. 2 vols., 1200 pages, $3 50. 

Natale Sancti Gregorii Popes. 

iElfric's Homily on the Birthday of St. Gregory, and Collateral Ex- 
tracts from King Alfred's Version of Bede's Ecclesiastical Histc^v 
and the Saxon Chronicle, with a full Rendering into English, Notes 
Critical and Explanatory, and an Index of Stems and Forms. By 
Louis F. Klipstein, A.M., LL.M., and Ph. D., of the University of 
Giessen. 12mo, 50 cts. 

A Glossary to the Analecta Anglo- Saxonica, 

With the Indo-Germanic and other Affinities of the Language. By 
Louis F. Klipstein, A.M., LL.M., and Ph. D., of the University of 
Giessen. In preparation. 

" There is no doubt that a few years hence, the persevering and ill-rewarded toils of this learned 
scholar will be looked back upon with sincere gratitude, by all who love the study of our incom- 

E arable language, in its better and more sinewy part. If Dr. K. is, as we suppose, a foreigner, he 
as acquired a mastery of English which is marvellous, and which, by the by, shows the advantage 
to be derived from Anglo-Saxon. These volumes, taken in connection with the grammar, and the 
forthcoming glossary, will make it easy for any private student to make himself acquainted with 
that delightful old tongue, to which we owe almost all our words of endearment, such as home, 
father- mother, brother, sister ; almost all our names of English flowers, as daisy, cowslip, prim- 
rose, nosegay ; and abundance of the short, monosyllabic, pungent nouns, which half-learnea folka 
would barter away for sesquipedalian latinisms. We mean such as dell, dale, wrath, wealth, 
knave, thrust, churl, wreath, and soul. The preliminary essay prepares the way, by tracing very 
clearly the lineage of the Anglo-Saxon language : it is a valuable contribution to Ethnology."— 
Presbyterian. 

" Surely it is a matter of concern to know and understand well our own tongue. How much 
better then would it be, if in our public and private schools, as much attention at least were given 
to the teachings of English as of Greek and Latin, that our youths might bring home with them a 
racy idiomatic way of speaking and writing their own language, instead of a smattering of Greek 
and Latin, which they almost forget and generally neglect in a few years' time. * * * For this, 
a study of the Anglo-Saxon is absolutely needful ; for after all, it has bequeathed to us by far .he 
largest stock of words in our language."— Loudon. 

" The most valuable portion of our language comes to us directly through the Anglo-Saxon ; and 
to make the study of it a part of our general system of education, would be to administer the most 
powerful antidote to the deteriorating influence of would-be fine speakers and writers, which is 
gradually robbing our English speech of much of its native energy and precision.*— Lit. World. 

34 



a. P. PUTNAM S NEW PUBLICATIONS. 



Wu Xtllm. 



Chaucer's Poems. 



Selections from the Poetical Works of Geoffrey Chaucer. By Charles D. 
Deshler. 1 vol., 12mo, green cloth, 63 cts. 



Chaucer and Spenser. 



Selections from the Poetical Works of Geoffrey Chaucer. By Charles D. 
Deshler. Spenser, and the Faery Queen. By Mrs. C. M. Kirkland 
1 vol., 12mo, cloth, $ 1 25. 

" A mine of wealth and enjoyment, a golden treasury of exquisite models, of graceful fancies, of 
fine inventions, and of beautiful diction."— Cincinnati Herald. 



Fouque. — Undine and Sintram. 



Undine, a Tale ; and Sintram and his Companions, a Tale. From the Ger- 
man of La Motte Fouque". 1 vol., l2mo, green cloth, 50 cts. 

" Undine is an exquisite creation of the imagination, and universally regarded as a masterpiece 
in this department of literature. "—Richmond Times. 



Gilman, Mrs.— The Sibyl ; 



Or, New Oracles from the Poets ; a Fanciful Diversion for the Drawing- 
Room. 1 vol., l2mo, cloth, extra gilt, $1 50. 

"A sweet book of short and most pleasant quotations from the poets, illustrative of character 
tastes, loves, &c, formed into a drawing-room game, with questions and answers. It is beautifully 
designed, beautifully executed, and beautifully robed for the gift-dispensing Christmas and New- 
Year public."— Evangelist. 



Goldsmith. — The Vicar of Wakefield. 

By Oliver Goldsmith. 1 vol., l2mo, neatly printed, cloth, 50 cts. 

The same, illustrated with designs by Mulready, elegantly bound, gilt 

edges, $1. 

" This tale is the lasting monument of Goldsmith's genius, his great legacy of pleasure to genera- 
tions past, present, and to come." 



Hervey. — The Book of Christmas 



Descriptive of the Customs, Ceremonies, Traditions, Superstitions, Fun, Feel- 
ing, and Festivities of the Christmas Season. By Th3Mas K. Hervey. 
12mo, green cloth, 63 cts. 

The same, gilt extra, $1. 

"Every leaf of this book affords a feast worthy of the season."— Dr. Hawks' Church Record. 

35 



g. p. Putnam's new publications. 



mm tttim. 

CONTINUED. 

Hood. — Prose and Verse. 

Bv Thomas Hood. l2mo, green cloth, $1. 

The same, gilt extra, $1 25. 

"Avery judicious selection, designed to embrace Hood's more earnest writings, those which 
were written from the heart, which reflect most faithfully his life and opinions." — Broadway 
Journal. 



Howiit. — Ballads and other Poems, 

By Mart Howitt. 1 vol., 12mo, green cloth, 75 cts. 
The same, with fine portrait, gilt extra, $1. 

" Her poems are always graceful and beautiful. — Mrs. S. C. HalL 

" We cannot commend too highly the present publication, and only hope that the reading public 
will relish ' Mary Howitt's Ballads and other Poems,' now for the first time put forth in a collected 
form." — Albion. 



Hunt. — Imagination and Fancy ; 



Or, Selections from the English Poets, illustrative of those first requisites 
of their Art ; with markings of the best Passages, Critical Notices 
of the best writers, &c. By Leigh Hunt. 1 vol., 12mo, green cloth, 
62 cts. 

The same, gilt extra, $1. 



" One of those unmistakable gems about which no two people differ. It is really and truly an 
exquisite selection of lovely passages, accompanied with critical notices of unusual worth ; and it 
would be difficult to select a work on the subject so beautifully, earnestly, eloquently written." — 
Westminster Review. 

" This volume is most justly to be called a feast of nectared sweets where no crude surfeit reign*." 
London Examiner. 



Hunt — Stories from the Italian Poets 



Being a Summary in Prose of the,, Poems of Dante, Pulci, Boiardo, Ariosto, 
and Tasso ; with Comments throughout, occasional passages Versified, and 
Critical Notices of the Lives and Genius of the Authors. By Leigh 
Hunt. 12mo, cloth, $1 25 

The same, fancy gilt, $1 75. 



"Mr. Hunt's book has been aptly styled, a series of exquisite engravings of the magnificent pi©» 
tures painted by these great Italian masters."— Journal of Commerce. 

36 






g. p. Putnam's new publications. 



StUu £ettBK 

CONTINUED. 

Irving, 

The History of New- York, 

From the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty, 
12mo, cloth, $1 25. 

The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. 
12mo, cloth, $1 25. 

Bracebridge Hall ; or, The Humorists : 

A Medley. 12mo, cloth, $1 25. 

Tales of a Traveller. 

12mo, cloth, $1 25. 

The Conquest of Granada. 

12mo, cloth, $1 25. 

The Alhambra. 

12mo, cloth, $1 25. 

The Crayon Miscellany. 

12mo, cloth, $1 25. 

Oliver Goldsmith : a Biography. 

12mo, cloth, $1 25. 

12mo, cloth, $1 25. 

.* See "History," "Travels," &c. 
N. B. Any of the above may be had in extra bindings : half calf, 75 cts. extra ; half morocco, 31 
extra ; full calf, per volume, $1 25 extra. 



Keats. — Poetical Works. 

The Poetical Works of John Keats. 1 vol., 12mo, cloth, $1. 

The same, gilt extra, $1 25. 

" They are flushed all over with the rich lights of fancy ; and eo colored and bestrewn with the 
flowers of poetry, thatj even while perplexed and bewiHered in their labyrinths, it is impossible 
to resist the intoxication of their sweetness, or to shut our hearts to the enchantment they so 
lavishly present.— Francis Jeffrey. 



Keats.— Life, Letters, &o. 

The Life, Letters, and Literary Remains of John Keats. Edited by Richard 
Moncton Milnes. Portrait and fac-simile. 1 vol., 12mo, cloth, $1 25. 



The same, gilt extra, $1 50. 



" A volume which wiF take its place among the imperishable ones of the age." * * * " It is 
•eplete with interest." 

37 



g. p, ptjtnam's new publications. 



%t\lm tttlm. 



CONTINUED. 



Lowell. — A Fable for Critics 



Or A Glance at a Few of Our Literary Progenies. By a Wonderful Quiz. 
1 vol., 12mo, boards, 50 cents ; cloth, 63 cts. 

a Beneath its unpretending drab cover lies hid a world of polished satire, keen subtle humor, 
rnd manly vigorous sentiment, interspersed with touches of genuine pathos."— Knickerbocker 
Magazine. 

" Showing the power of a master in verse, the heart of a true man, the learning of a scholar, the 
nind of a philosopher, and the wit of a satirist, without the gall which too often accompanies it." — 
ftolden's Mag. 

" Nothing abler has ever come from the American press in the form of satire."— Prov. Jour. 



Lamb. — Essays of Elia. 

By Charles Lamb. 1 vol., 12mo, cloth, $1. 

The same, gilt extra, $1 25. 

" Shakspeare himself might have read them, and Hamlet have quoted them ; for truly was our 
excellent friend of the genuine line of Yorick."— Leigh Hunt's London Journal 



Lamb. — Specimens of the English Dramatic Poets. 

By Charles Lamb. 1 vol., 12mo, green cloth, $1 25. 

The same, gilt extra, $1 50. 

"Nowhere are the resources of the English tongue, in power, in sweetness, terror, pathos, in d* 
Bcription and dialogue, so well displayed." — Broadway Journal. 



Lynch. — Poems, &c. 

By Anne C. Lynch. 1 vol. Elegantly illustrated from designs by Durand, 
Huntington, Darley, Rossiter, Brown, Dugan, &c. 8vo, cloth, $jl 50 ; 
gilt extra, $2. 

"The many beautiful and sublime thoughts that are scattered through this volume will amply 
repay a perusal. — Albany Eve. Jour 



Montagu's Selections from Old English Writers. 

Selections from the Works of Taylor, Latimer, Hall, Milton, Barrow, Lowth, 
Brown, Fuller, and Bacon By Basil Montagu. 1 vol., 12mo, green 
cloth, 50 cents ; cloth gilt, $1. 

"This volume contains choice extracts from some of the noblest of the old English writers." — 
Cincinnati Atlas. 

u A book of delight. It is for the head, the heart, the imagination, and the taste, all at once.'* 

38 



G. P. PUTNAM S XEW PUBLICATIONS. 



CONTINUED. 

Peacock, — Headlong Hall and Nightmare Abbey. 

1 vol., l2mo, green cloth, 50 cts. 

" Works of singular merit, but of a character so peculiar that we cannot give any descriptive 
account of them in the space at our command. Wide sweeping, vigorous satire is their charac- 
teristic ; satire not so much of men as of opinions. * * * The production of a mind contem- 
plative in its turn, but keenly alive to the absurdity of human pretension. There is scarcely a 
topic which is not here embodied or glanced at ; and modern philosophy is pretty severely hit, as 
may be inferred from the motto of Headlong Hall : 

1 All philosophers, who find 
Some favorite system to their mind, 
In every point to make it fit, 
Will force all nature to submit.' " 

Cincinnati Atlas. 



Tasso* — Godfrey of JBulloigne ; 

Or, the Recovery of Jerusalem : done into English Historical Verse, from 
the Italian of Tasso, by Edward Fairfax. Introductory Essay, by Leigh 
Hunt ; and the Lives of Tasso and Fairfax, by Charles Knight. 1 vol., 
12mo, $1 25. 
"The completest translation, and nearest like its original of any we have seen. "— Leigh Hunt. 
" The Jerusalem Delivei-ed is full, to the last stanza, of the most delightful inventions, of the 
most charming pictures, of chivalric and heroic sentiment, of portraits of brave men and beautiful 
women— in fine, a prodigal mine of the choicest resources and effects of poetry. So it has been 
always known to the world, so Fairfax brings it to us." — Mirror. 



Taylor. — Poems and Ballads. 

The Poems and Ballads of J. Bayard Taylor. With Portrait painted 
by T. Buchanan Read, Esq. 12mo, cloth, 75 cents ; cloth gilt extra, 
$1 25. 
H A spirit of boldness and vigor pervades the volume." 

" l The Picturesque Ballads of California ' have a dash of boldness and adventure in them, which 
eontrasts pleasantly with the more purely sentimental poems." 



Walton. — The Lives of Donne, Walton, Hooker, 

Herbert, and Sanderson. By Izaak Walton. New edition. 1 vol., 12mo, 
green cloth, $1. 

" The Lives are the most delightful kind of reading. Walton possesses an inimitable simplicity 
and vivacity of style.— Mrs. Kirkland. 



Pibliotheca Americana. 

A Catalogue of American Publications, including Reprints and Original Works, 
from 1820 to 1848, inclusive. Compiled by 0. A. Roorbach. Royal 8vo, 
pp. 359, $4. 
/ A very tiseful book to all librarians and booksellers. 

39 



a. p. putnam's new publications. 



The Nursery Book for Young Mothers. 

BY MRS. L. C. TUTHILL. 

18mo, 50 cents. 

** This volume will be a welcome present to young mothers. It comprises familiar letters on 
all topics connected with the medical and educational departments of the Nursery, and is just 
such a book as every mother will find practically useful ; and all the more so as it is written by a 
competent and experienced person of their own sex. 

" There is much excellent counsel in this volume, with occasional toucnes of nature, which 
shows that the author is observant, and has accustomed herself to note the errors of physical and 
domestic education. Indeed there are some happy hits at the mistakes of this sort which are as 
common as children, and graver admonitions that ' young mothers,' and some assuming to have 
more experience, might greatly profit by." — N. Y. Com. Adv. 

" The title of this neat little volume would not at first seem to indicate any thing new or pecu- 
liarly interesting, but at the very first page the attention is arrested, and from thence to the very 
last note in the Appendix the interest does not flag. It is no dry disquisition upon diet and medi- 
cines, but has for its topic nursery education in every branch. The instruction on these various 
points is communicated in sprightly letters from an aunt to her niece, who, desponding like all 
young mrthers when first left to the care of their infants, applies to her for assistance. The niece. 
Mrs. Haston, is extremely well drawn. From the moment that she first attempts the child's bath,' 
and sits ' shivering and trembling, afraid to touch the droll little object,' to her anxious inquiries 
with regard to the mental and moral training of her children, she is a true woman, and a true mo- 
ther. The circumstances which call forth the various points of instruction from her aunt are 
most naturally developed, and, on the whole, we regard it as the best book of the kind ever pub- 
lished. Its peculiar excellence is the sprightly and ^agreeable style which we have before alluded 
to, and which would arrest the attention of many a giddy ' girl-mother,' who would throw aside a 
dry treatise in despair. Mrs. Tuthill quotes the most unexceptionable authorities for her nursery 
rules for health."— Phila. Sat. Gazette. 



Cljiito %nh for ^ntrag ^umm ml Irjjunl litem 

MRS. L. C. TUTH I L L. 

Success in Life : The Merchant : 

A Biography ; with Anecdotes and Practical Application for New Beginner*. 
12mo. half bound, 62 cts. ; gilt, extra, $1. 

" We fare on earth as other men have fared ; 
Were they successful 1 Let us not despair !" 



Success in Life ; The Lawyer : 

A Biographical Example. l8mo. 
[To be followed by " The Artist, '*"**< The Mechanic," &c] 

\* The aim of this Series is to develop the talent and energy of boys just merging into man- 
hood, and to assist them in choosing their pursuits for life. 

"Success! How the heart bounds at the exulting word ? Success! Man's aim from the mo- 
ment he places his tiny foot upon the floor till he lays his weary gray head in the grave. Suc- 
cess, the exciting motive to all endeavor and its crowning glory." — Extract from Preface. 



Evenings with the Old Story Tellers. 

One volume, l2mo, green cloth, 50 cents. 
"' A quiet humor, a quaintness and terseness of style will strongly recommend them."— English 
Churchman. 

40 



g. p. Putnam's new publications. 



(Pjjnto %uh for ^rnntg ^ramtr; 

DISTRICT, SUNDAY SCHOOL, AND FAMILY LIBRARIES. 



PUTNAM'S ORIENTAL SERIES: 

Comprising CHEAP EDITIONS of Valuable and Standard Works. 

I. Layard's Nineveh and its Remains. 

2 vols. 12mo. half bound, without the larger Illustrations, $1 75. 

II. Hawks' 1 s Egypt and its Monuments ; 

Or, Egypt a Witness for the Bible. 
Second edition, revised, with additions. 12mo, half bound, without the Illustrations, $1 25. 

III. Spencer's The East ; 

Or, Sketches of Travel in Egypt and the Holy Land. 
l2mo, half bound, without the Illustrations, $1 25. 

IV. Curzon's Visits to Monasteries in the Levant. 

12mo, half bound, $1. 

V. St. John's Adventures in the Libyan Desert, 

And the Oasis of Jupiter Ammon. 
12mo, half bound, 75 cts. 

YI. Eothen ; or, Traces of Travel brought from the East. 

12mo, half bound, 50 cts 

VII. Warburton's Crescent and the Cross ; 

Or, The Romance and Reality of Eastern Travel. 

2 vols. 12mo, half bound, $1 25. 

** This series is prepared with special reference to school and circulating libraries, and 
also to place the above valuable works in the hands of many who cannot afford the 
more expensive illustrated editions. 



The Game of Natural History : 



A Series of Cards, carefully drawn, representing the most important and interesting of the 
Animal Creation ; with Questions ; arranged so as to form a pleasant and interesting En- 
tertainment for a juvenile party, while it also gives desirable information. 50 cts. in a case ; 
colored, 75 cts. 



Robinson Crusoe's Farm- Yard : 

Designed to accompany the Game of Natural History. Square 16mo, half bound, 50 cts. 



The Game of Anna : 

An Instructive Game, consisting of Quotations from the Poets, in a series of 84 Cards. 50 cts. 



Young American's Primer. 

Attractively Illustrated. 12mo, paper, 25 cts. 

41 



g. p. Putnam's new publications. 



€$m fmh. 

CONTINUED. 



Glimpses of the Wonderful. 



An entertaining account of Curiosities of Nature and Art. First, Second, and 
Third Series, with numerous Fine Illustrations, engraved in London 
Square l6mo tloth, each, 75 cents. 



M ISS SEDGE WICK. 

The Morals of Manners; 

Or, Hints for our Young People. New Edition. Square 16mo, with cuts, 
cloth, 25 cents. 

Facts and Fancies, 

For School-Day Reading; a Sequel to " Morals of Manners." Square 16mo, 
with cuts, 50 cents. 

*.* These excellent little books, prepared with reference to the important but too much neglected 
matter of the good and bad manners of young people, are worthy of a place in every School Li- 
brary in the land— and should be put in the hands of every child old enough to understand that 
good manners are, and should be, quite as essential as progress in book-learning. The School 
Committee of New-York, have ordered them for all the City School libraries. A cheaper edition 
of the Morals of Manners can be supplied for $12 50 per 100. 



The Home Treasury ; 



Comprising new versions of Cinderella, Beauty and the Beast, Grumble and 
Cheery, The Eagle's Verdict, The Sleeping Beauty. Revised and Illus- 
trated. Small 4to, 50 cents. 



Young Naturalises Hambles through Many Lands ; 

With an Account of the Principal Animals and Birds of the Old and New 
Continents. With Woodcuts. Cloth, 50 cents. 



The Game of Natural History. 

A Series of Cards, Carefully Drawn and Colored, representing the most 
Important and Interesting of the Animal Creation. With Questions. 
Arranged so as to form a Pleasant and Interesting Entertainment for a 
Juvenile Party, while it also gives Desirable Information. Price 75 cents, 
in a Case. — plain, 50 cts. 

42 



^motorola, 



SUPPLIED BY a. P. PUTNAM 



The Revue des Deux Mondes. 

Nouvelle Periode avec la Collaboration des Sommites Litteraires et Scien- 
tifiques de la France, et des pays Etrangers. 8vo. Published on the first 
and fifteenth of the month; each number containing from 160 to 192 pages. 
$12 50 per annum. 



/Esthetic Papers. 

By Hawthorne, R. W. Emerson, Parke Godwin, H. D. Thoreatt, S. G. Ward, 
&c. Edited by E. P. Peabody. 8vo, pp. 248. To be continued occa- 
sionally. $1 25. 



The American Journal of Science and Arts. 

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43 



G. 



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